Episode 2: The Beirut Blast – What Led to the Lebanon Port Explosion?
In August 2020 an explosion tore through the Lebanese capital city of Beirut, killing more than 200 people. In the demand for answers and justice, OCCRP journalists activated their global network to unravel the opaque web of secrecy behind its cause.
In this episode of Dirty Deeds…
How do you begin to investigate the explosion that tore through the Lebanese capital city of Beirut, killing more than 200 people?
In this episode Nick Wallis takes us back to August 2020, talking to OCCRP reporters Rana Sabbagh and Aubrey Belford about how they picked apart the opaque web of secrecy behind the cause of the explosion, scouring the globe from Russia to Mozambique to track down the true owner of the deadly cargo that triggered the devastating blast in Lebanonโs capital.
We also hear from Paul Naggear, who lived and worked less than a kilometer from the blast site at Beirut port. Paul and Tracyโs three-year-old daughter Alexandra died as a result of injuries sustained in the explosion.
Read the investigations:
- A Hidden Tycoon, African Explosives, and a Loan from a Notorious Bank: Questionable Connections Surround Beirut Explosion Shipment
- Ownership of Chemicals that Exploded at Beirut Port Traces Back to Ukraine
Host Nick Wallis talks to…
Rana Sabbagh
Rana Sabbagh – @rana_sabbagh
Rana is OCCRPโs senior editor for the Middle East and North Africa, coordinating the investigations that exposed the opaque network of companies and people that allowed the Beirut blast to happen.
โI nearly had a nervous breakdown because everybody had either lost a family member or a friend.โ
Aubrey Belford
Aubrey Belford – @AubreyBelford
Aubrey is OCCRPโs Pacific editor. At the time of the explosion, he was based in Kyiv and played a key role in the Beirut investigations, helping to quickly put together a global team to track down the true cause of the tragedy.
โWe had colleagues in Cyprus, in Russia, in Ukraine, in Georgia, in Mozambique and in Jordan, all working together, just trying to ferret out little bits of this story.โ
Paul Naggear with his daughter, Alexandra
Paul Naggear – @naggearp
Paul and his partner Tracy lived and worked less than a kilometer from the blast site at the Beirut port. Their three-year-old daughter Alexandra died as a result of injuries sustained in the explosion.
โWhat we are doing is for the cause of our daughter. And thereโs no limit to the extent we would go to get our justice.โ
Show Notes
- [0:00] – Introduction
- [1:36] – Rana Sabbagh explains background and how the investigation began
- [7:23] – Aubrey Belford explains why he volunteered to join the investigation
- [11:01] – Rana describes the difficulties of reporting in the blastโs aftermath
- [14:36] – Background on Lebanese politics
- [16:41] – How reporters uncovered the opaque network of companies linked to the deadly cargo
- [21:00] – Rana and Aubrey describe the impact of the investigation in Lebanon and the UK
- [23:31] – Paul Naggear recounts the day of the explosion
- [33:02] – Paul describes his campaign for justice
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English Transcript
Click here to read this transcript in Arabic.
Nick Wallis: Hello and welcome to Dirty Deeds Tales of Global Crime and Corruption, a podcast from the global journalism network, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, or OCCRP as it’s known. In this episode, we’re going to discuss the OCCRP’s investigation into who was responsible for the explosion in the Beirut docks in 2020, which killed more than 200 people and almost destroyed the Lebanese economy. My name is Nick Wallis and I’m a British broadcast journalist. This week I’ll be talking to OCCRP editor Rana Sabbagh about her work on the investigation.
Rana Sabbagh: I nearly had a nervous breakdown because everybody had either lost a family member, a friend.
Nick Wallis: We’ll be joined by Rana’s colleague Aubrey Belford, who discovered that the causes of the explosion went far beyond Lebanon itself.
Aubrey Belford: We put together this team, we had colleagues in Cyprus, in Russia, in Ukraine, in Georgia, in Mozambique, in Lebanon and in Jordan, all working together.
Nick Wallis: And we’ll also speak to Paul Naggear, an engineer living in Beirut, whose three-year-old daughter died as a result of injuries sustained in the blast.
Paul Naggear: Our house was completely destroyed. There was nothing left. I had bleeding from my face and the first thing that I did was to rush to find Tracy and Lexou.
Nick Wallis: We’ll hear more about Paul and Tracyโs campaign for justice a bit later. But first, letโs find out how the OCCRPโs journalists reacted to the blast. I spoke to Rana Al-Sabbah and Aubrey Belford and began by asking Rana where she was when the blast happened.
Rana Sabbagh: I was in Sarajevo where our headquarters are, and the minute the explosion went up, I had a shock that I think I’ve never experienced, even when I was living in Lebanon during the civil war, because I went to university there. The devastation was out of a movie. It was really, really shocking. Then I started calling my family because I have family in Lebanon. Thank God they were all safe because they were outside the perimeter of the explosion, but then I started checking on my friends who lived nearby the port and in Hamra.
And this is when I nearly had a nervous breakdown because everybody had either lost a family member, a friend, or had to take someone to hospital. Hospitals were working over capacity. I spoke to a doctor I know at AUH [American University hospital], which is a prestigious hospital there, he told me, “Rana, you can’t imagine what we are handling, we have people queuing up outside, we’ve turned the main entrance into a makeshift emergency room, we have people in the corridors, we have people in the operations theater. It’s like a slaughterhouse.”
Nick Wallis: I can imagine, and it must have been horrendous for you personally to have so many people you knew who could have been affected and who were affected by this. And obviously you are also trying to process how this happened and why this happened and what caused it. In the initial aftermath, immediately afterwards, there was talk of terrorism. When did it become clear that it had actually been fertilizer that had been stored in a warehouse that was the source of this explosion?
Rana Sabbagh: By the second morning, we started hearing from sources inside the port that some workers were welding the door of this warehouse which had the deadly stock stored in it. And this warehouse wasn’t just made up of the bags of nitrate ammonium. It also had firecrackers that had been seized, it had paint, it had everything possible that would come together as a cocktail to make this worst explosion in history. And everybody had been saying: “There’s a ticking bomb. We’re just waiting for it to explode.” And nobody took these warnings seriously. The president and the prime minister were notified by the security [agencies] two weeks before the explosion that this material had to be removed safely and had to be stored in a proper warehouse. You can’t just leave something like this standing there in horrible conditions with minimum protection.
Nick Wallis: Can you give me a sense of what Beirut was actually like and how vibrant the city was before the explosion?
Rana Sabbagh: The whole world always referred to Lebanon as the Switzerland of the Middle East for different reasons. Lebanon is a beautiful country in terms of nature. It’s got forests, it’s got ski resorts, and in 20 minutes you can be water skiing and jet skiing and fishing in the most beautiful Mediterranean waters. The country also is very well known for being the commercial center and the banking center for the Arab world in the โ60s and โ70s.
But Lebanon, unfortunately because of its beauty, we always say in Arabic, was given a bad eye and ended up falling into a civil war that lasted from ’75 to 1990. And this civil war was brutal, but even during the civil war, when the city was divided in two, there was East Beirut and West Beirut, East Beirut was mostly inhabited by Christians, and West Beirut became mostly the Sunni stronghold and then the Shi’ites [were in] villages and towns beyond that. So, there was a deep fracture along religious lines and factional lines.
But in 1990, after the Taif Agreement in Saudi Arabia, the agreement that was brokered with Saudi Arabia, Lebanon started regaining its presence. A lot of the Lebanese expatriates, the highly educated, skilled people โ 60,000 people came back to Lebanon. And the prime minister then put a lot of money to invest in the infrastructure, in a new airport, and the city was up and running.
Nick Wallis: And Beirut was a busy port.
Rana Sabbagh: The problem of this port is it’s in the middle of the city. There have been negotiations going on for 30 years to move it to an area which is not so intrusive into the city.
Nick Wallis: You decided almost immediately after the explosions that this had to be a big story for OCCRP and your investigation had to be put together and published quickly. How did you organize your colleagues and your partner media organizations to get the investigation out [in] the same month?
Rana Sabbagh: Aubrey and I wrote to our Google group, the editors, and we said: “There has been this horrific explosion and we need to look at it.” And then we started lining up colleagues, so of course I automatically contacted our local partners, the team from Daraj.com media, and I contacted Riad Kobiassi, who is one of the top-notch investigative reporters in Lebanon who I’ve known for 12 years. And I said: “We need to work on the Lebanese side of the explosion.”
As you know, Hezbollah is an ally of the Syrian regime, so this was one of the theories and we pursued it, but after a while we shut it down because we looked at traders and we spoke to other experts, they were putting cold water on it. And then we saw a Reuters report, and the journalist that wrote it said one of the scenarios says there had been welding operations going on inside this number 12 depot, and probably there was a spark which caught fire and then the combustion material just went up in the air. So, we started pursuing it on different levels.
Nick Wallis: Just if I may, could I bring in Aubrey here? Aubrey, what was your role initially when the OCCRP investigation kicked off.
Aubrey Belford: When this explosion happened, I think like a lot of people, I was just glued to the coverage of this huge fireball and shockwave ripping through the city. And I took it really personally because my best friend was actually just living around the corner from the port up until about a week before the explosion, and he’d just left and his apartment building was really severely damaged. So, Rana first emailed our email list for OCCRP journalists and said we had to go big on this story, and I volunteered to take part in it as well. At this time, I was living in Kyiv and my role really was to put together this team of journalists to pursue all of the international angles that this was throwing up.
Pretty quickly, we could see that the cause of the explosion was this ammonium nitrate that had been sitting in the port for seven years. And immediately the question was: well, how did it end up there and how did it stay there for so long? And being as familiar as we are with how this murky world of offshore finance works, we knew that there had to be this absolute mess of shell companies, anonymous owners, and blind alleys that were hiding the true activities of the people that were shipping that cargo. And that’s exactly what it turned out [to be].
We put together this team, we had colleagues in Cyprus, in Russia, in Ukraine, in Georgia, in Mozambique, in Lebanon and in Jordan, all working together, just trying to ferret out little bits of this story. And the first thing we really focused on was this question of who actually owned this ship and how was this absolutely unseaworthy ship still able to sail with this dangerous cargo?
Nick Wallis: This was the Rhosus.
Aubrey Belford: The Rhosus. What happened is the Rhosus stopped in Beirut on its way between Georgia, where it had picked up the ammonium nitrate, and Mozambique, where it was going to sell it to an explosives factory. When it got into Beirut, there were some unpaid debts against the ship that led to the ship being stopped in port. And then when it was inspected, it was found that this ship was not seaworthy at all. And so it ended up being stopped in port.
The person who was thought to be the owner of the Rhosus, a Russian man by the name of Igor Grechushkin, he basically just left the ship there, and the crew ended up spending 10 months stuck at port. And that’s the story of how this ammonium nitrate ended up in the warehouse. So, our role as reporters was to work out how was it that that ship was still able to sail and how was it that they were able to so easily walk away from their responsibilities?
And so that’s where our expertise [came in] as journalists that look into the complex documents that you need to look at to work out this gray zone of global capitalism, when you’re looking at shipping or pretty much any kind of trade where things are obscured. We kind of banded together very quickly to use our experience with that to just answer those questions.
Nick Wallis: How hard was it to try to get to the bottom of what was going on in the immediate aftermath of the event and the emergency response from the authorities?
Rana Sabbagh: It was like an earthquake had hit the city. Imagine, it took five days to clear the debris and the shrapnel and the broken glass from around the port, so my colleagues couldn’t even move in their cars, they couldn’t reach the actual port, it was sealed off, so they were going through little alleys, walking on foot. But imagine the soaring heat, 40 degrees in direct sun, in addition to the suffocating humidity of Beirut.
So, they’re trying to reach the port. They’re trying to go to hospitals. Hospitals were swamped. You had 2,500 buildings that had collapsed, all the debris had blocked the roads and every member of our team โ Daraj has ten reporters, six out of ten were directly impacted by this blast. So, one lost a family member, one had a son who got injured, so imagine. The journalists are trying to care for their family. They don’t have electricity. They’re trying to balance between the need to do the reporting and at the same time do the minimum to move on with their lives.
They all told me later on that this anger is what kept them going. “How can this happen? How did they allow it to happen? How reckless can these people be?” So, from a logistic point of view, it was a nightmare to get people on foot, to get reporters doing the reporting, and then to access the court documents. This was my biggest, biggest surprise.
As much as Lebanon is touted as a modern city and it’s got these beautiful state of the art buildings, the court system is still relying on old-fashioned handwritten testimonials, and you have to go there yourself and you have to go through thousands and thousands of documents. We couldn’t really understand the handwriting. Our reporters didn’t get anywhere until we came across this amazing lawyer who also had her house devastated and had a family member injured, and she was so angry, she said: “I will do anything to help you. We have to work together to expose these criminals.”
And she went with us from courtroom to courtroom with a journalist and she came together and pieced the timeline, the legal timeline that showed us this maze of correspondence that was going back and forth between ministries over formalities. “You do this.” “No you should do that.” This started from the minute the ship arrived to the port.
In any normal country, the cargo should have been removed from day one and stored in a safe place, and later on you could discuss what to do with the ship and the cargo and the owners. What these people did, they were just fighting [over] who gets a say and they kept it there until it exploded. So, this was the thing that drove everybody mad.
Nick Wallis: What about the anger of the people? How was that directed towards the authorities and how did the authorities respond?
Rana Sabbagh: Funny enough, the authorities could not take [it that] people that took to the streets and started demonstrating, and I remember around the 10th of August, there was a group of protesters outside parliament, asking parliament: “Please, please launch an investigation, do something.” Instead of just assuaging their fears and calming them down, they started firing at them โ water, and then rubber bullets.
Nick Wallis: Is that down to the factionalism within Lebanese politics โ
Rana Sabbagh: Exactly.
Nick Wallis: โ or is it more generalized corruption? It’s the factionalism, is it? Well explain that to people who don’t know that much about Lebanese politics.
Rana Sabbagh: Beautiful Lebanon has always had a strength and a weakness, which is it’s made up of at least 18 religious and ethnic mixes. So, it’s a beautiful mosaic in the Middle East, which is mainly Muslim Sunni or Muslim Shi’ite. So, in Lebanon, post-Taif Agreement โ the agreement that was brokered by Saudi Arabia to achieve peace after the civil war โ it made sure, for example, the head of the state has to be a Christian Maronite, the head of the government has to be a Sunni Muslim. The head of parliament has to be a Shi’ite. So, the whole system in Lebanon is made up of these politicians that are representing religious factions and political parties that have been created along religious ideology.
And as a result, everyone is just scratching the back of the others. To move on, every one of these people is basically eating a slice of the cake and sharing it with the people that back him, the people that are the backbone of his political party or the power structures. This has crippled Lebanon. It has fed corruption. Lebanon is among the most corrupt countries in the Arab world.
Nick Wallis: Rana, thank you for painting that picture of the situation within Lebanon and of course the inaction from the authorities in moving that ammonium nitrate is a huge part of this story.
But Aubrey of course, the story of how the ship came into port and how that ammonium nitrate, what it was actually doing there, your investigation uncovered this extraordinary, opaque web of companies and individuals and authorities who had allowed this to happen. I know this was an investigation that was published more than a year after the explosion. And it’s a wonderful piece of work in how it details how it all came together, but it’s such an astonishing feat of journalism and painstaking work. Just take me through the logistics of putting it together in the first place. What did you know you were looking for and how did you go about finding it?
Aubrey Belford: Our first investigation was really about who owned the ship. The immediate media reports came out and said that the owner was this guy called Igor Grechushkin. But pretty quickly, we were able to determine that he wasn’t the owner, that he was actually leasing the ship off its true owner, who was a shipping businessman in Cyprus called Charalambos Manoli.
And the more we looked into it, we discovered that not only did this guy Manoli own the Rhosus, this unseaworthy ship with unpaid debts that ended up getting seized in Beirut, but he was also responsible for getting it its flag, which was from Moldova, and he also owned the agency in Georgia that had declared it seaworthy. So, he had flagged his own ship secretly and declared his own ship as seaworthy. And so, we ended up finding this incredibly convoluted web that is really very routine.
There’s just so many things that go on in international shipping that are just so wild and there’s so much secrecy. It is very, very routine for ships to be registered in what are called flags of convenience jurisdictions. Moldova, where the Rhosus was flagged, doesn’t have a coastline, but you can still flag a ship as Moldovan.
The ship was owned through an anonymous company in I believe Panama and was then leased and operated by a company registered in the Marshall Islands. These are normally countries where you just don’t know who owns these. The only way we were able to actually work out the ownership was because it had been mentioned in a court case and then that gave us the ability to then unravel who was truly behind it.
Nick Wallis: You talk about a number of the jurisdictions where perhaps people might expect shady things to happen, but there’s a British company very deeply involved in this story, isn’t there?
Aubrey Belford: Yes. And the British company involved in this was really one of the biggest mysteries of all. That company was called Savaro, and Savaro was the company that owned this cargo of ammonium nitrate, and thus was really one of the most responsible parties for trying to retrieve this really dangerous cargo after it ended up in the port in Beirut.
So, on paper, this was a British company. But if you go and you check in the British records, the path just leads to a firm in Cyprus that basically exists just to register companies and obscure their true owners and really caters towards former Soviet countries. So there was this real mystery that you had this supposedly British company that owned it, but no one actually knew who was behind it.
So, we spent a year really working hard to work out who actually should have been retrieving it. And our investigations led us to Ukraine, where I happened to be living at the time, and to a city really not far from where I was living. But the amount of effort taken to get there was just, it was insane. We tried to reach Grechushkin, who was the operator of the ship, but he would not speak to us. He wouldn’t answer any messages.
Manoli was someone we spoke to. He initially denied that he was the owner of the ship and claimed that he had sold the ship onwards. Then when we found evidence that showed that he was the owner of the ship and that he was leasing it out to another operator and that he had been the one that had been responsible for flagging it and for certifying that it was seaworthy, then he said; “Oh no, yes, that’s true, but I have actually sold it and I’ll show you the documents.” And then when we tried to set up a call with him for him to show us the documents proving that he had made this transaction, he wouldn’t show it to us. And the thing is, most of the time, all these sort of machinations are things that you just can’t see because these are all anonymous companies. We were very lucky to actually pierce the veil and find the names of people behind this.
Nick Wallis: And given the level of your investigation and the depth you were able to get to, is anyone involved or any of the companies involved now facing any form of legal action as a result of the explosion?
Aubrey Belford: The British company that owned the ammonium nitrate, which is really a Ukrainian-owned company, is being sued by victims of the explosion in court in the United Kingdom. They’re arguing that as the owner of the cargo, that they bear ultimate responsibility for the disaster and should have some civil liability for that.
Nick Wallis: What direct impact do you think your reporting has actually had in terms of making a difference, either for the victims or the families or the politicians or the lawyers in terms of trying to get someone to be held accountable for this whole disaster?
Rana Sabbagh: The first investigation was very timely because it clearly put on the table the name of the ship operator and it basically came up with new names, it had everything much, much clearer. Some families of the victims have also used it to show the crime and the collusion between all these shell companies that were facilitated by these international corporate corruption services.
And it really exposed a lot locally. So, it definitely was also a turning point for many local media that decided to embrace that genre of work by focusing more on [investigations] that basically leave out all the political bullying that’s happening, because in Lebanon, even though the media is very diverse, every media outlet is the spokesperson of their political party. So, when someone like OCCRP was able to work with a local partner who’s also extremely independent, we were able to call a spade a spade. That was really something to look up to and to emulate.
Nick Wallis: That was Rana Al-Sabbagh, the OCCRP’s senior editor for the Middle East and North Africa, and Aubrey Belford, the OCCRP’s Pacific editor.
Paul Naggear and his partner Tracy lived and worked less than a kilometer from the blast site at Beirut Port. Their daughter, Alexandra, was known to the family as Lexou. I started by asking Paul what she was like.
Paul Naggear: Oh, she’s a fantastic human being, full of energy, very, very happy kid, full of life, very loving, very, very close to us as a family. But she had a very outgoing personality. During Covid, she would actually start making calls from our phones to our friends in the U.S. and all, spending half-hours and hours with them. Just an amazing kid. An amazing, amazing child.
Nick Wallis: I’m really sorry to have to take you back to the events of the 4th of August.
Paul Naggear: Don’t worry about it, ask whatever is needed. What we are doing is for the cause of our daughter. And there’s no limit to the extent that we would go to get our justice. And this is part of it. So really, don’t worry about it.
Nick Wallis: Okay. Well, I absolutely understand and I also really appreciate it. If you are able, could you just take us back to the beginning of the day before the blast, what you were doing, what Tracy was doing, what Alexandra was doing and where you came to be?
Paul Naggear: Yes, on the 4th of August. So it was a Tuesday. It was a regular day, working day for us. Tracy and I set up our own company a couple years back and we were working together from home. Our house is in Gemmayzeh, which is in the red zone compared to the epicenter of the blast, which is right in the harbor, and Hangar 12 that exploded is 850 meters to a kilometer far from us, just so that you and the other people can situate.
Before the blasts, I was having a call and I’m walking around in the house, I saw smoke coming out of the hangar. I asked Tracy to come and check it out, she did and then we heard the first explosion. Being Lebanese, I think we’re a bit used to it, so we didn’t panic. But then when we started, there was a second, a really massive sound that started to build up. And Tracy immediately felt that we were being attacked from the air. And so, she rushed us to leave from where we were, so we were right at the balcony level looking at the hangar. Tracy shouted at us to run. Lexou was running ahead of her and then she grabbed her and at the moment when she grabbed her, the second and the big blast happened. Tracy had managed to catch Alexandra.
They were both propelled a few meters and they found themselves in the ruins of our house. I was also propelled and I don’t know if I hit something, but when I woke up our house was completely destroyed. There was nothing left. I had bleeding from my face and the first thing that I did was to rush to find Tracy and Lexou. I found them lying underneath two or three of our doors and also the full ceiling that fell on Tracy. But what Tracy had tried to do was to, as she grabbed Alexandra and they were propelled, when they hit the floor, the first thing that she did was to actually grab Lexou and pull her underneath her. So, she was protecting Lexou with her body. Lexou was shielded because everything fell on Tracy.
Nick Wallis: Was Lexou conscious? Was Alexandra conscious?
Paul Naggear: They were both conscious. Lexou was actually doing okay but she was still able to talk. She was able to say “maman” which is mom.
Nick Wallis: So what happened in the next few hours?
Paul Naggear: The first thing that we, as a reflex and with all the adrenaline kicking in there was no fear, it was just: “I need to get Lexou and Tracy to a hospital.” Tracy was actually in a much worse shape because the damage that happened to her was more external. Tracy ended up having, other than the outside wounds, she had three broken ribs, three broken vertebrae, one broken finger, a detachment of the lungs. I don’t know how she managed to go down seven flights of stairs.
There was no more elevator so we had to take the stairs to go down. We went on the streets, Nick, and it was total chaos. Imagine that you’re on the street with everything destroyed around you, cars, shops. There’s an actual Red Cross center 50 meters from our house and it was completely dysfunctional because the ambulance had been blasted away and there was no way for cars to pass. So, the first thing that we did was to go down, I was carrying Lexou and trying to keep her as stable as I can, although she had nothing as outside injuries because she was completely shielded by Tracy.
Nick Wallis: When did it become obvious she was deteriorating?
Paul Naggear: I think when we arrived at the bottom of the building, when we managed to finish up with the stairs and we arrived at the bottom of the building, she started to start losing a bit of consciousness. This is where we started getting worried. There was no one to help us, Nick, on the streets. That is very important to note. Now that we know in retrospect that everybody in government, in parliament, etc., knew somehow about the ammonium nitrate.
They had 40 minutes or so to react, in 40 minutes, even if you don’t find a way to actually ask your civilians to evacuate or to hide or to seek shelter โ because none of this would have happened to us if they had told us, “Emergency, everybody hit the parking lot or stay in your bathrooms,” I donโt know. But even if they hadn’t managed to do that, at least you would expect minimum support from the army, from the security forces, from the firefighter departments, you name it. But there was nothing. Tracy told me: “Leave me, go, run. Do whatever you have to take Lexou, she’s not looking well.” We had to hitchhike, her and I, on a โ not even a motorcycle, so a scooter, that took us to the nearest hospital, which was also completely destroyed. But I had to carry my daughter who was in extremely bad shape on a motorcycle because there was no one else, Nick.
Nick Wallis: And when you arrived at the hospital, how easy was it to get her seen and to get treatment for her?
Paul Naggear: Quite fast because when they saw that it was a child not looking well, they prioritized her. So, they were able to diagnose her quickly, tell me that her situation was not good at all because she was starting to lose consciousness and she was not reactive and she was also in a very high level of stress. But Nadine, who is one of the doctors there, managed to, I don’t know how she did it, to find us an ambulance and prioritize us getting in the ambulance and hitting the final destination, which was the Hรดtel-Dieu hospital a few minutes away.
Nick Wallis: When were you told that it was unlikely that Lexou was going to make it?
Paul Naggear: The same night, Nick, after they did scans and they found out that although she didn’t have anything apparent, her skull was completely broken. She had multiple fractures from different areas on her skull, and a very, very big hematoma in her brain, which was the main cause of the problem and her death.
They told us at it was probably around the same night, the night of the 6th to the 7th, a specialist neurosurgeon, and he also turned out to be specialized in in pediatrics, told me that we didn’t have another choice than to do an open skull intervention, so basically they leave space for the brain to expand because of the hematoma, and that her chances were not so good. And the next day they started being more and more concerned and telling us that she was not reactive to clinical examination.
Nick Wallis: Did you get a chance to say goodbye?
Paul Naggear: Well, not consciously, because the first thing that they did because of her state when we reached the final hospital is that they put her in an induced coma so that they could treat her. So, no, not consciously.
It kills you man, it kills you. So many emotions. From what I’ve lived, there’s nothing more difficult than that, not close, because you love the person so much. The missing is huge. You see your partner suffering from that. Lexou and Tracy had a unique relationship in my eyes, of course, and they were really, really close, and when you see your partner hurting also, it’s a constant reminder of the pain.
You feel guilt because I wasn’t able to protect them, I’m telling you as a father. The anger is really big also, Nick, and all of these feelings, some people tell you, and they shouldn’t, they tell you that time heals. It’s not true, at least not for us, and maybe it’s because for us, we consider it as murder, and it was such trauma and it came really unexpected. It’s not like Lexou was sick or we were expecting it. In three days, our life was completely turned upside down. I don’t know if death is easier, but you feel the pain and anger and missing, and it’s something that never goes away.
Nick Wallis: Whilst OCCRP had been digging into the corporate interests which brought the lethal cargo to Beirut port and the multiple failures of the Lebanese authorities, Paul and Tracy Naggear were pursuing their own campaign for justice in memory of their daughter Lexou. Anticipating a long slog, Paul told me that he and many other victims looked to the international community for help.
Paul Naggear: We were very convinced from the beginning that we would not get justice locally, so how can we fight internationally? There were two areas for us. The first one was trying to obtain an independent fact-finding mission from the United Nations Human Rights Council. And this came from a lot of thinking and brainstorming with a couple of institutions like Legal Action Worldwide and Human Rights Watch. We narrowed it down to this being the best strategy to go for, and we’ve been lobbying for that ever since, to get this fact-finding mission done, and this is still an ongoing subject that hasn’t been adopted as a resolution, unfortunately, for reasons that we can discuss it in a bit. The second point was โ
Nick Wallis: Tell me now, actually, because I understand that some elements of the international community are for some reason resisting a fact-finding mission. Who and why?
Paul Naggear: It’s actually France. For whatever reason, [it is] the ongoing French government that was not facilitating the proposition of this resolution.
Nick Wallis: Why?
Paul Naggear: You can assume whatever geopolitical interest that would come first would matter more to a few government officials than human lives and the seeking of justice. I don’t know what it is.
Nick Wallis: It must be so frustrating because, as you say, you almost accept that locally you’re not going to make much progress because of the corruption and the inertia of the authorities. But you would have thought the international community would want to get to the bottom of it and help the victims.
Paul Naggear: Yes. And for now, the only thing that we see is that this is a total myth. The international community support, United Nations support โ it’s really just a myth, Nick, for us.
Nick Wallis: I understand why you feel that way. It’s been two years since the explosion now. Do you have any optimism that there will be change?
Paul Naggear: When we first started out, this mission for justice for Lexou, Tracy and I were optimistic because what happened right after the blast and the weeks following the blast was a fantastic humanitarian movement. In total absence of the government, the Lebanese citizens were able to come together from all parts of the country to rebuild the affected areas, to clean the affected areas, to provide shelter when they could, food.
We saw this great movement of solidarity which made us believe, really Tracy and I โ that there is a horrible regime that is in place, but we have fantastic people. Unfortunately, 80% of the MPs that were elected are still pro-regime. And it’s a very clear sign for us that more than half of the people are against us because these people are the ones that killed us and brought us where we were โ these politicians.
Nick Wallis: You mentioned you received help from various NGOs and human rights organizations, and of course, you drew strength from the community in Beirut who’d lost loved ones. Does journalism have a role to play in this?
Paul Naggear: Yes, most definitely. In the absence of an independent, strong judiciary, who can you rely on other than the likes of journalism? If it wasn’t for the journalism, we would really have no idea of the truth. But unfortunately, I think they didn’t go all the way and I think there’s more work that needs to be done by investigative journalism. We have lost faith in the international community’s ability to help.
The issue, Nick, is that there’s a huge dissonance from what we have seen between people and politicians or governments. I want to be able to believe that we live in a world where the international community puts my daughter’s life before economic, political, geographical interests.
Nick Wallis: Paul Naggear, who lost his daughter Lexou in the explosion. When contacted to put his side of the story, Igor Grechushkin declined to comment. Charalambos Manoli responded by saying that he is suing the OCCRP and Der Spiegel in Cyprus and has been asked not to talk about the case. He states that he was not the owner of the vessel at the relevant time and claims the accusations made against him are false. Savaro denied the allegations and claimed the ammonium nitrate was under the control of the Lebanese authorities.
If you want to read OCCRP’s report on the Beirut explosion, search OCCRP Beirut. The first report is called “A Hidden Tycoon, African Explosives, and a Loan from a Notorious Bank: Questionable Connections Surround Beirut Explosion Ship.” Dirty Deeds: Tales of Global Crime & Corruption was produced by Lindsay Riley with research from Phoebe Adler-Ryan and Riham Moussa at Rethink Audio. The series is a Little Gem production for OCCRP. Please like, follow, and subscribe to ensure you don’t miss more stories behind the stories of global crime and corruption investigated by OCCRP. My name is Nick Wallis. See you next time.
Arabic Transcript
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃููุง ูู
ุฑุญุจุง ุจูู
ูู โุฃุนู
ุงู ูุฐุฑุฉ: ูุตุต ุนู ุงูุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ูุงููุณุงุฏ ุงูุนุงูู
ูโ ุ ููู ุจูุฏูุงุณุช ู
ู ุดุจูุฉ ุงูุตุญุงูุฉ ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉุ ุฃู ู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุฅุจูุงุบ ุนู ุงูุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ุงูู
ูุธู
ุฉ ูุงููุณุงุฏ ุ ุฃู OCCRP ูู
ุง ูู ู
ุนุฑูู. ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญููุฉุ ุณููุงูุด ุชุญููู OCCRP ุญูู ุงูู
ุณุคูู ุนู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฐู ููุน ูู ุฃุฑุตูุฉ ุจูุฑูุช ูู ุนุงู
2020ุ ูุงูุฐู ุฃุณูุฑ ุนู ู
ูุชู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 200 ุดุฎุต ูุฏู
ุฑ ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุงููุจูุงูู ุชูุฑูุจุงู. ุงุณู
ู ููู ูุงููุณ ูุฃูุง ุตุญูู ุฅุฐุงุนู ุจุฑูุทุงูู. ุณุฃุชุญุฏุซ ูุฐุง ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุฅูู ู
ุญุฑุฑุฉ OCCRP ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ ุญูู ุนู
ููุง ูู ุงูุชุญููู.
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูุฏุช ุฃุตุงุจ ุจุงูููุงุฑ ุนุตุจู ูุฃู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ุฅู
ุง ููุฏูุง ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ ุฃู ุตุฏููุงู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุณููุถู
ุฅูููุง ุฒู
ูู ุฑูุง ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏุ ุงูุฐู ุงูุชุดู ุฃู ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุชุฌุงูุฒุช ูุจูุงู ููุณู.
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ููุฏ ุดูููุง ูุฐุง ุงููุฑูู ุ ููุงู ูุฏููุง ุฒู
ูุงุก ูู ูุจุฑุต ูุฑูุณูุง ูุฃููุฑุงููุง ูุฌูุฑุฌูุง ูู
ูุฒู
ุจูู ููุจูุงู ูุงูุฃุฑุฏู ุ ููููู
ูุนู
ููู ู
ุนุง.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุณูุชุญุฏุซ ุฃูุถุง ุฅูู ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑุ ููู ู
ููุฏุณ ูุนูุด ูู ุจูุฑูุชุ ูุชูููุช ุงุจูุชู ุงูุจุงูุบุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนู
ุฑ ุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุช ูุชูุฌุฉ ููุฅุตุงุจุงุช ุงูุชู ูุญูุช ุจูุง ูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุฏู
ุฑ ู
ูุฒููุง ุจุงููุงู
ู. ูู
ูุชุจู ุดูุก. ูุงู ูุฏู ูุฒูู ูู ูุฌูู ูุฃูู ุดูุก ูุนูุชู ูู ุงูุฅุณุฑุงุน ููุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ุชุฑูุณู ููููุณู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุณูุณู
ุน ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ุนู ุญู
ูุฉ ุจูู ูุชุฑูุณู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ุจุนุฏ ูููู. ููู ุฃููุงู ุ ุฏุนูุง ููุชุดู ููู ูุงู ุฑุฏ ูุนู ุตุญููู OCCRP ุนูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ุชุญุฏุซุช ุฅูู ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุญ ูุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ ูุจุฏุฃุช ุจุณุคุงู ุฑูุง ุฃูู ูุงูุช ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุน ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ ุ ุงูุฐู ุชูููุช ุงุจูุชู ุงูุจุงูุบุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนู
ุฑ ุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุช ูู ุฃุนูุงุจ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ. ุณูุณู
ุน ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ุนู ุญู
ูุฉ ุจูู ูุชุฑูุณู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุจูููู ุ ูููู ุฃููุง ุ ุฏุนูุง ููุชุดู ููู ูุงู ุฑุฏ ูุนู ุตุญููู OCCRP ุนูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ุชุญุฏุซุช ุฅูู ุฑูุง ุตุจุงุบ ูุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ ูุจุฏุฃุช ุจุณุคุงู ุฑูุง ุนู ู
ูุงููุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุน ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ููุช ูู ุณุฑุงูููู ุญูุซ ู
ูุฑูุงุ ููู ุงููุญุธุฉ ุงูุชู ููุน ูููุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ุฃุตุจุช ุจุตุฏู
ุฉ ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููู ูู
ุฃุดูุฏูุง ู
ู ูุจูุ ุญุชู ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุช ุฃุนูุด ูู ูุจูุงู ุฎูุงู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฃูููุฉุ ูุฃููู ุฏุฑุณุช ุงูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ููุงู. ูุงู ุงูุฏู
ุงุฑ ูุฃูู ูู ูููู
ุณููู
ุงุฆู. ููุฏ ูุงู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุตุงุฏู
ุงู ุญูุงู. ุซู
ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุชุตู ุจุนุงุฆูุชู ูุฃู ูุฏู ุนุงุฆูุฉ ูู ูุจูุงู. ุงูุญู
ุฏ ููู ุฃููู
ูุงููุง ุฌู
ูุนุงู ุขู
ููู ูุฃููู
ูุงููุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ูุทุงู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ูููู ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุจุฏุฃุช ูู ุงูุงุทู
ุฆูุงู ุนูู ุฃุตุฏูุงุฆู ุงูุฐูู ูุนูุดูู ุจุงููุฑุจ ู
ู ุงูู
ุฑูุฃ ููู ุดุงุฑุน ุงูุญู
ุฑุง. ูููุง ูุฏุช ุฃุนุงูู ู
ู ุงูููุงุฑ ุนุตุจู ูุฃู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ุฅู
ุง ููุฏูุง ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุฃุณุฑุฉ ุฃู ุตุฏููุงู ุฃู ุงุถุทุฑูุง ุฅูู ููู ุดุฎุต ู
ุง ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชุดูู. ูุงูุช ุงูู
ุณุชุดููุงุช ุชุนู
ู ููู ุทุงูุชูุง. ุชุญุฏุซุช ุฅูู ุทุจูุจ ุฃุนุฑูู ูู ู
ุณุชุดูู ุงูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ููู ู
ุณุชุดูู ู
ุฑู
ูู ููุงูุ ููุงู ูู: “ุฑูุงุ ูุง ูู
ููู ุชุฎูู ู
ุง ูุชุนุงู
ู ู
ุนูุ ูุฏููุง ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุตุทููู ูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌุ ููุฏ ุญูููุง ุงูู
ุฏุฎู ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ุฅูู ุบุฑูุฉ ุทูุงุฑุฆ ู
ุคูุชุฉุ ูุฏููุง ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูู ุงูู
ู
ุฑุงุชุ ูุฏููุง ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูู ุบุฑูุฉ ุงูุนู
ููุงุช. ุฅูู ู
ุซู ุงูู
ุณูุฎ”.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ุฃุชุฎูู ุ ููุง ุจุฏ ุฃูู ูุงู ู
ุฑูุนุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู ุดุฎุตูุงู ูุฃูู ูุงู ูุฏูู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ุชุนุฑูููู
ูุงูุฐูู ูุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ูุชุฃุซุฑูุง ุฃู ูุฏ ุชุฃุซุฑูุง ูุนููุงู ุจูุฐุง. ูู
ู ุงููุงุถุญ ุฃูู ุชุญุงูููู ุฃูุถุง ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ููููุฉ ููู
ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซุช ูุฐู ุงูุญุงุฏุซุฉ ูู
ุง ุงูุฐู ุชุณุจุจ ูููุง. ูู ุฃุนูุงุจ ุฐูู ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ูุงู ููุงู ุญุฏูุซ ุนู ุงูุฅุฑูุงุจ. ู
ุชู ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู ุงูุณู
ุงุฏ ุงูุฐู ุชู
ุชุฎุฒููู ูู ู
ุณุชูุฏุน ูู ู
ุตุฏุฑ ูุฐุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูู ุตุจุงุญ ุงูููู
ุงูุซุงููุ ุจุฏุฃูุง ูุณู
ุน ู
ู ู
ุตุงุฏุฑ ุฏุงุฎู ุงูู
ุฑูุฃ ุฃู ุจุนุถ ุงูุนู
ุงู ูุงููุง ูููู
ูู ุจูุญุงู
ุจุงุจ ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน ุงูุฐู ูุงู ูุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูู
ุฎุฒูู ุงููุงุชู ุงูู
ุฎุฒู ููู. ููู
ููู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน ู
ูููุงู ููุท ู
ู ุฃููุงุณ ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
. ูุงู ููุงู ุฃูุถุง ุฃูุนุงุจ ูุงุฑูุฉ ุชู
ุญุฌุฒูุง ููุงู ููุงู ุทูุงุก ุ ููุงู ููู ูู ู
ุง ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุชุฌู
ุน ู
ุนูุง ููุดูู ู
ุฒูุฌูุง ู
ู
ูุชูุง ููุคุฏู ุฅูู ุฃุณูุฃ ุงููุฌุงุฑ ูู ุงูุชุงุฑูุฎ. ููุงู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ูููููู: “ููุงู ููุจูุฉ ู
ูููุชุฉ. ูุญู ููุท ููุชุธุฑ ุงููุฌุงุฑูุง”. ููู
ูุชู
ุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุญุฏ ูุฐู ุงูุชุญุฐูุฑุงุช ุนูู ู
ุญู
ู ุงูุฌุฏ. ุชู
ุฅุฎุทุงุฑ ุงูุฑุฆูุณ ูุฑุฆูุณ ุงููุฒุฑุงุก ู
ู ูุจู [ุงูุฃุฌูุฒุฉ] ุงูุฃู
ููุฉ ูุจู ุฃุณุจูุนูู ู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุจุฃูู ูุฌุจ ุฅุฒุงูุฉ ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุจุดูู ุขู
ู ูุชุฎุฒูููุง ูู ู
ุณุชูุฏุน ู
ูุงุณุจ. ูุง ูู
ููู ุชุฑู ุดูุก ููุฐุง ููุงู ูู ุธุฑูู ู
ุฑูุนุฉ ู
ุน ุงูุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏูู ู
ู ุงูุญู
ุงูุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุนุทููู ููุฑุฉ ุนู
ุง ูุงูุช ุนููู ุจูุฑูุช ูู ุงููุงูุน ูููู ูุงูุช ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ูุงุจุถุฉ ุจุงูุญูุงุฉ ูุจู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูุทุงูู
ุง ูุงู ุงูุนุงูู
ุจุฃุณุฑู ูุดูุฑ ุฅูู ูุจูุงู ุนูู ุฃูู ุณููุณุฑุง ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุฃูุณุท ูุฃุณุจุงุจ ู
ุฎุชููุฉ. ูุจูุงู ุจูุฏ ุฌู
ูู ู
ู ุญูุซ ุงูุทุจูุนุฉ. ูุฏูู ุบุงุจุงุช ู ู
ูุชุฌุนุงุช ููุชุฒูุฌ ุ ููู ุบุถูู 20 ุฏูููุฉ ูู
ููู ู
ู
ุงุฑุณุฉ ุฑูุงุถุฉ ุงูุชุฒูุฌ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงุก ูุฑููุจ ุงูุฌุช ุณูู ูุตูุฏ ุงูุฃุณู
ุงู ูู ุฃุฌู
ู ู
ูุงู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฃุจูุถ ุงูู
ุชูุณุท. ูุงู ุงูุจูุฏ ู
ุนุฑูููุง ุฃูุถุงู ุจุฃูู ุงูู
ุฑูุฒ ุงูุชุฌุงุฑู ูุงูู
ุฑูุฒ ุงูู
ุตุฑูู ููุนุงูู
ุงูุนุฑุจู ูู ุงูุณุชูููุงุช ูุงูุณุจุนูููุงุช. ููู ูุจูุงูุ ููุฃุณู ุจุณุจุจ ุฌู
ุงููุ ูููู ุฏุงุฆู
ูุง ุจุงูุนุฑุจูุฉุ ุฃูู ุฃุตูุจ ุจุงูุนูู ุงูุญุณูุฏุฉ ูุงูุชูู ุจู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูู ุญุฑุจ ุฃูููุฉ ุงุณุชู
ุฑุช ู
ู ุนุงู
1975 ุฅูู ุนุงู
1990. ููุงูุช ูุฐู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฃูููุฉ ูุญุดูุฉุ ูููู ุญุชู ุฎูุงู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฃูููุฉุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ุชูุณูู
ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ุฅูู ูุณู
ููุ ูุงูุช ููุงู ุจูุฑูุช ุงูุดุฑููุฉ ูุจูุฑูุช ุงูุบุฑุจูุฉุ ููุงูุช ุจูุฑูุช ุงูุดุฑููุฉ ู
ุฃูููุฉ ูู ุงูุบุงูุจ ุจุงูู
ุณูุญูููุ ูุฃุตุจุญุช ุจูุฑูุช ุงูุบุฑุจูุฉ ูู ุงูุบุงูุจ ู
ุนูู ุงูุณูุฉุ ุซู
ูุงู ุงูุดูุนุฉ ูู ุงููุฑู ูุงูุจูุฏุงุช ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุฐูู. ูุฐูู ุ ูุงู ููุงู ุงููุณุงู
ุนู
ูู ุนูู ุฃุณุณ ุฏูููุฉ ู ูุตุงุฆููุฉ.. ููู ูู ุนุงู
1990ุ ุจุนุฏ ุงุชูุงู ุงูุทุงุฆู ูู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉุ ุงูุงุชูุงู ุงูุฐู ุชู
ุงูุชูุตู ุฅููู ูู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉุ ุจุฏุฃ ูุจูุงู ูุณุชุนูุฏ ูุฌูุฏู. ุนุงุฏ ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ุบุชุฑุจูู ุงููุจูุงููููุ ุงูู
ุชุนูู
ูู ุชุนููู
ุงู ุนุงููุงู ูุงูู
ูุฑุฉุ ุญูุซ ุนุงุฏ ูุญู 60 ุฃูู ุดุฎุต ุฅูู ูุจูุงูุ ุซู
ูุถุน ุฑุฆูุณ ุงููุฒุฑุงุก ุขูุฐุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ุงู ููุงุณุชุซู
ุงุฑ ูู ุงูุจููุฉ ุงูุชุญุชูุฉ ู ู
ุทุงุฑ ุฌุฏูุฏุ ููุงูุช ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ุฌุงูุฒุฉ ูุชุนู
ู ุจูุงู
ู ุทุงูุชูุง.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ููุงูุช ุจูุฑูุช ู
ููุงุกู ู
ุฒุฏุญู
ุงู.
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ู
ุดููุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูู
ููุงุก ูู ุฃูู ูู ูุณุท ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. ูุงูุช ููุงู ู
ูุงูุถุงุช ุฌุงุฑูุฉ ู
ูุฐ 30 ุนุงู
ุงู ููููู ุฅูู ู
ูุทูุฉ ูุง ุชููู ุจูุง ุชุฏุงุฎูุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ููุฏ ูุฑุฑุชู ุนูู ุงูููุฑ ุชูุฑูุจุงู ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุงุช ุฃู ูุฐู ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชููู ูุตุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูู OCCRP ููุฌุจ ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุชุญูููู ููุดุฑู ุจุณุฑุนุฉ. ููู ูุธู
ุชู
ุฒู
ูุงุฆูู
ูุงูู
ุคุณุณุงุช ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูุดุฑููุฉ ููู
ูุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงูุชุญููู ูู ููุณ ุงูุดูุฑ ุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ู
ุถุญู ุจู
ุง ููู ุงูููุงูุฉุ ูุชุจุช ุฃูุง ูุฃูุจุฑู ุฅูู ุงูู
ุญุฑุฑูู ูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุชูุง ุนูู ุบูุบู ุ ููููุง: “ููุฏ ุญุฏุซ ูุฐุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูู
ุฑูุน ููุญู ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุธุฑ ููู”. ุซู
ุจุฏุฃูุง ูู ุชุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฒู
ูุงุกุ ูุฐูู ุจุงูุทุจุน ุงุชุตูุช ุชููุงุฆูุงู ุจุดุฑูุงุฆูุง ุงูู
ุญููููุ ููุฑูู ู
ู ุฏุฑุฌ Daraj.comุ ูุชูุงุตูุช ู
ุน ุฑูุงุถ ูุจูุณูุ ููู ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุถู ุงูู
ุฑุงุณููู ุงูุงุณุชูุตุงุฆููู ูู ูุจูุงู ูุงูุฐู ุฃุนุฑูู ู
ูุฐ 12 ุนุงู
ุง. ูููุช: “ูุญู ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุนู
ู ุนูู ุงูุฌุงูุจ ุงููุจูุงูู ู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ”. ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ููุ ุญุฒุจ ุงููู ุญููู ูููุธุงู
ุงูุณูุฑูุ ูุฐูู ูุงูุช ูุฐู ุฅุญุฏู ุงููุธุฑูุงุช ูุชุงุจุนูุงูุงุ ูููู ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฃุบูููุงูุง ูุฃููุง ูุธุฑูุง ุฅูู ุงูุชุฌุงุฑ ูุชุญุฏุซูุง ุฅูู ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุขุฎุฑููุ ุงูุฐูู ูุงููุง ู
ุณุชู
ุฑูู ูู ุฅุญุจุงุท ุญู
ุงุณูุง. ุซู
ุฑุฃููุง ุชูุฑูุฑุงู ู
ู ููุงูุฉ ุฑููุชุฑุฒ ุ ููุงู ุงูุตุญูู ุงูุฐู ูุชุจู ุฅู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุณููุงุฑูููุงุช ูุดูุฑ ุฅูู ูุงูุช ููุงู ุนู
ููุงุช ูุญุงู
ุชุฌุฑู ุฏุงุฎู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน ุฑูู
12 ุ ูุฑุจู
ุง ูุงูุช ููุงู ุดุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงุดุชุนูุช ูููุง ุงูููุฑุงู ู
ู ุซู
ุงูุฏูุนุช ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงููุงุจูุฉ ููุงุดุชุนุงู ูู ุงูููุงุก. ูุฐูู ุ ุจุฏุฃูุง ูู ู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุฐูู ุนูู ู
ุณุชููุงุช ู
ุฎุชููุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ููุท ุฅุฐุง ุฌุงุฒ ูู ุ ูู ูู
ูููู ุฅุดุฑุงู ุฃูุจุฑู ููุงุ ุฃูุจุฑู ุ ู
ุง ูู ุฏูุฑู ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุจุฏุฃ ุชุญููู OCCRP.
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ุนูุฏู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ูุฐุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุ ููุช ู
ุซู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ุ ู
ุชุงุจุนุง ู ุจุงูุชุจุงู ุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุนู ูุฐู ุงููุฑุฉ ุงููุงุฑูุฉ ุงูุถุฎู
ุฉ ูุงูุตุฏู
ุฉ ุงูุชู ุงุฌุชุงุญุช ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. ููุฏ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุนูู ู
ุญู
ู ุดุฎุตู ุญูุงู ูุฃู ุฃุนุฒ ุฃุตุฏูุงุฆู ูุงู ูุนูุด ูู ุงููุงูุน ูุงุจ ููุณูู ุฃู ุฃุฏูู ู
ู ุงูู
ููุงุก ุญุชู ุญูุงูู ุฃุณุจูุน ูุจู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุ ููุงู ูุฏ ุบุงุฏุฑ ููุชู ูุชุนุฑุถ ู
ุจูู ุดูุชู ูุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุจุงูุบุฉ. ูุฐูู ุ ุฃุฑุณูุช ุฑูุง ุนุจุฑ ุงูุจุฑูุฏ ุงูุฅููุชุฑููู ุฅูู ูุงุฆู
ุชูุง ุงูุจุฑูุฏูุฉ ูุตุญููู OCCRP ููุงูุช ุฅูู ูุชุนูู ุนูููุง ุฃู ูุนู
ู ุจุดูู ูุจูุฑ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉ ุ ููุฏ ุชุทูุนุช ููู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ ูููุง ุฃูุถุง. ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุช ุ ููุช ุฃุนูุด ูู ูููู ููุงู ูุงู ุฏูุฑู ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ูู ุชุดููู ูุฑูู ู
ู ุงูุตุญูููู ูู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฌูุงูุจ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุซูุฑุช ุญูู ูุฐู ุงููุถูุฉ.
ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉุ ุงุณุชุทุนูุง ุฃู ูุฑู ุฃู ุณุจุจ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ูู ููุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุงูุชู ุธูุช ุนุงููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุฑูุฃ ูู
ุฏุฉ ุณุจุน ุณููุงุช. ูุนูู ุงูููุฑ ูุงู ุงูุณุคุงู: ููู ุงูุชูู ุจูุง ุงูู
ุทุงู ููุงู ูููู ุจููุช ููุงู ููุชุฑุฉ ุทูููุฉุ ูููููุง ุนูู ุฏุฑุงูุฉ ุจููููุฉ ุนู
ู ูุฐุง ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุบุงู
ุถ ููุชู
ููู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ุบูุฑ ุงูุฎุงุถุน ููุฑูุงุจุฉ ุ ููุฏ ุนูู
ูุง ุฃูู ูุง ุจุฏ ุฃู ูููู ู
ุตุฏุฑ ูุฐู ุงูููุถู ูู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุฉ ุ ูุงูู
ุงูููู ุงูู
ุฌููููู ุ ูุงูุฃุฒูุฉ ุงูุนู
ูุงุก ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุชุฎูู ุงูุฃูุดุทุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ ููุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุงููุง ูุดุญููู ุชูู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน. ููุฐุง ุจุงูุถุจุท ู
ุง ุงุชุถุญ [ุฃู ูููู]. ููุฏ ุดูููุง ูุฐุง ุงููุฑููุ ููุงู ูุฏููุง ุฒู
ูุงุก ูู ูุจุฑุต ูุฑูุณูุง ูุฃููุฑุงููุง ูุฌูุฑุฌูุง ูู
ูุฒู
ุจูู ููุจูุงู ูุงูุฃุฑุฏูุ ููููู
ูุนู
ููู ู
ุนุงูุ ูู ู
ุญุงููุฉ ููุท ูุงุณุชุฎูุงุต ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุตุบูุฑุฉ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉ. ูุฃูู ุดูุก ุฑูุฒูุง ุนููู ุญูุงู ูู ุงูุณุคุงู ุญูู ู
ู ูู
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุจุงููุนู ูููู ูุงูุช ูุฐู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุนูู ุงูุฅุทูุงู ูุง ุชุฒุงู ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุจูุฐู ุงูุดุญูุฉ ุงูุฎุทุฑุฉุ
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุงูุช ูู ุงูุจุงุฎุฑุฉ “ุฑูุณูุณ” Rhosus.
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ูุนู
. ุฑูุณูุณ.
ู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ูู ุฃู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฑูุณูุณ ุชูููุช ูู ุจูุฑูุช ูู ุทุฑูููุง ุจูู ุฌูุฑุฌูุงุ ุญูุซ ูุงูุช ูุฏ ุงุณุชูู
ุช ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุ ุฅูู ู
ูุฒู
ุจููุ ุญูุซ ูุงูุช ุชุนุชุฒู
ุจูุนูุง ุฅูู ู
ุตูุน ููู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช. ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุตูุช ุฅูู ุจูุฑูุชุ ูุงูุช ููุงู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฏููู ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ุณุฏุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ู
ู
ุง ุฃุฏู ุฅูู ุญุฌุฒ ุงูุณูููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ููุงุก. ุซู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ูุญุตูุง ุ ูุฌุฏ ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูุณูููุฉ ูู
ุชูู ุตุงูุญุฉ ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุนูู ุงูุฅุทูุงู. ูููุฐุง ุงูุชูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุจุฅููุงููุง ูู ุงูู
ููุงุก. ุงูุดุฎุต ุงูุฐู ูุงู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ู
ุงูู ุฑูุณูุณ ุ ููู ุฑุฌู ุฑูุณู ูุฏุนู ุฅูุบูุฑ ุฌุฑูุชุดูุดููู ุ ุชุฑู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ููุงู ุ ูุงูุชูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุจุงูุทุงูู
ุจูุถุงุก 10 ุฃุดูุฑ ุนุงููุงู ูู ุงูู
ููุงุก. ููุฐู ูู ูุตุฉ ููู ูุตูุช ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน . ูุฐุง ุ ูุงู ุฏูุฑูุง ูุตุญุงูููู ูู ุงูุจุญุซ ุนู ููููุฉ ูุฏุฑุฉ ุงูุณูููุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ูููู ุชู
ูููุง ุจุณูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุชุฎูุต ู
ู ู
ุณุคูููุงุชูู
ุ ููุฐุง ูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฐู ุธูุฑุช ููู ุฎุจุฑุชูุง ูุตุญูููู ูุจุญุซ ูู ุงููุซุงุฆู ุงูู
ุนูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุงููุธุฑ ูููุง ูููู
ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูุฑู
ุงุฏูุฉ ููุฑุฃุณู
ุงููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชูุธุฑ ุฅูู ุงูุดุญู ุฃู ุฃู ููุน ู
ู ุงูุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ุชูุฑูุจุงู ุญูุซ ุชููู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุบุงู
ุถุฉ. ููุฏ ุชุฌู
ุนูุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุฎุจุฑุชูุง ูู ุงูุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนูู ุชูู ุงูุฃุณุฆูุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ู
ุง ู
ุฏู ุตุนูุจุฉ ู
ุญุงููุฉ ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุญูููุฉ ู
ุง ูุงู ูุญุฏุซ ูู ุฃุนูุงุจ ุงูุญุฏุซ ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูุงูุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงูุทุงุฑุฆุฉ ู
ู ุงูุณูุทุงุชุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูุงู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูู
ุง ูู ุฃู ุฒูุฒุงูุงู ุถุฑุจ ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ. ุชุฎููุ ุงุณุชุบุฑู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฃูุงู
ูุฅุฒุงูุฉ ุงูุฃููุงุถ ูุงูุดุธุงูุง ูุงูุฒุฌุงุฌ ุงูู
ูุณูุฑ ู
ู ุญูู ุงูู
ูุงูุฆุ ูุฐูู ูู
ูุชู
ูู ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ุญุชู ู
ู ุงูุชุญุฑู ูู ุณูุงุฑุงุชูู
ุ ูู
ูุชุณู ููู
ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุงูู
ููุงุก ุจุดูู ูุนููุ ููุฏ ุชู
ุฅุบูุงููุ ูุฐุง ูุงููุง ูู
ุฑูู ุนุจุฑ ุงูุฒูุงูุงุช ุงูุถููุฉ ู
ุดููุง ุนูู ุงูุฃูุฏุงู
. ูู ุฃู ุชุชุฎููู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงููุงูุจุฉุ 40 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู
ุฆููุฉ ุชุญุช ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงูุดู
ุณ ุงูู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ ุงูุฎุงููุฉ ูู ุจูุฑูุช. ูุฐุงุ ูุงููุง ูุญุงูููู ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุงูู
ููุงุก ูุงูู
ุดุงูู. ูุงูุช ุงูู
ุณุชุดููุงุช ู
ูุชุธุฉ.
ูุงู ููุงู 2500 ู
ุจูู ุงููุงุฑุช ุฌู
ูุนูุงุ ูุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฃููุงุถ ูุฏ ุฃุบููุช ุงูุทุฑูุ ูุฏุฑุฌ ุชู
ุชูู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุตุญููููุ ูู
ููู
ุณุชุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนุดุฑุฉ ุชุฃุซุฑูุง ุจุดูู ู
ุจุงุดุฑ ุจูุฐุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ููุฏ ุฃุญุฏูู
ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุนุงุฆูุชูุ ููุงู ูุฏู ุขุฎุฑ ุงุจู ุฃุตูุจ. ูุฐุง ุชุฎูู. ุงูุตุญูููู ูุญุงูููู ุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุจุนุงุฆูุงุชูู
. ููุณ ูุฏููู
ููุฑุจุงุก. ูุญุงูููู ุงูุชูุงุฒู ุจูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููุชูุงุฑูุฑ ููู ููุณ ุงูููุช ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููููุงู
ุจุงูุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏูู ููู
ุถู ูุฏู
ุงู ูู ุญูุงุชูู
.
ุฃุฎุจุฑููู ุฌู
ูุนุง ูุงุญูุงู ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุบุถุจ ูู ู
ุง ุฌุนููู
ูุณุชู
ุฑูู. “ููู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุญุฏุซ ูุฐุงุ ููู ุณู
ุญูุง ุจุญุฏูุซ ุฐููุ ุฅูู ุฃู ู
ุฏู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ูุคูุงุก ุงููุงุณ ู
ุชููุฑููุ” ูุฐูู ุ ู
ู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑ ููุฌุณุชูุฉ ุ ูุงู ูุงุจูุณุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูุญุฑูุฉ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนูู ุงูุฃูุฏุงู
ูุฌุนู ุงูุตุญูููู ูููู
ูู ุจุงูุชุญูููุงุชุ ูู
ู ุซู
ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ูุซุงุฆู ุงูู
ุญูู
ุฉ. ูุงูุช ูุฐู ุฃูุจุฑุ ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ูุงุฌุฃุฉ ูู.
ุจูุฏุฑ ู
ุง ูุชู
ุงูุชุจุงูู ุจูุจูุงู ุจุฃูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ุนุตุฑูุฉ ููุฏูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุจุงูู ุงูุฌู
ููุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉ ุ ุฅูุง ุฃู ูุธุงู
ุงูู
ุญุงูู
ูุง ูุฒุงู ูุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุดูุงุฏุงุช ูุฏููุฉ ุชูููุฏูุฉ ุ ูุนููู ุฃู ุชุฐูุจ ุฅูู ููุงู ุจููุณู ูุนููู ุฃู ุชุชุตูุญ ุงูุขูุงู ูุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุงููุซุงุฆู. ูู
ูุชู
ูู ุญูุงู ู
ู ููู
ุฎุท ุงููุฏ. ูู
ูุญุตู ู
ุฑุงุณูููุง ุนูู ุฃู ุชูุฏู
ุญุชู ูุฌุฏูุง ูุฐู ุงูู
ุญุงู
ูุฉ ุงูู
ุฐููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ูุฏููุง ู
ูุฒู ุชุถุฑุฑ ููุงู ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุนุงุฆูุชูุง ู
ุตุงุจุงูุ ููุงูุช ุบุงุถุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงูุ ูุงูุช: “ุณุฃูุนู ุฃู ุดูุก ูู
ุณุงุนุฏุชูู
. ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุนู
ู ู
ุนุงู ููุถุญ ูุคูุงุก ุงูู
ุฌุฑู
ูู”.
ุฐูุจุช ู
ุนูุง ู
ู ูุงุนุฉ ู
ุญูู
ุฉ ุฅูู ูุงุนุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูุงุฌุชู
ุนุช ููุถุนูุง ุงูุฌุฏูู ุงูุฒู
ูู ุ ุงูุฌุฏูู ุงูุฒู
ูู ุงููุงูููู ุงูุฐู ุฃุธูุฑ ููุง ูุฐู ุงูู
ุชุงูุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุฑุงุณูุงุช ุงูุชู ูุงู ูุชู
ุชุจุงุฏููุง ุจูู ุงููุฒุงุฑุงุช ุจุดุฃู ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ. “ุฃูุช ุชูุนู ูุฐุง.” “ูุง ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชูุนู ุฐูู.” ุจุฏุฃ ูุฐุง ู
ู ูุญุธุฉ ูุตูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู
ููุงุก.
ูู ุฃู ุจูุฏ ุนุงุฏู ุ ูุงู ูุฌุจ ุฅุฒุงูุฉ ุงูุดุญูุฉ ู
ู ุงูููู
ุงูุฃูู ูุชุฎุฒูููุง ูู ู
ูุงู ุขู
ู ุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ูู
ููู ู
ูุงูุดุฉ ู
ุง ูุฌุจ ูุนูู ุจ ุงูุณูููุฉ ูุงูุดุญูุฉ ูุงูู
ุงูููู. ู
ุง ูุนูู ูุคูุงุก ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุตุ ูุงููุง ูุชูุงุฒุนูู ุนูู ู
ู ูุญุธู ุจุงูุญู ูู ุงูุชุญูู
ูุงุญุชูุธูุง ุจูุง ููุงู ุญุชู ุงููุฌุฑุช. ูุฐูู ุ ูุงู ูุฐุง ูู ุงูุดูุก ุงูุฐู ุฏูุน ุงูุฌู
ูุน ุฅูู ุงูุฌููู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ู
ุงุฐุง ุนู ุบุถุจ ุงูุดุนุจุ ููู ุชูุฌู ูุฐุง ุงูุบุถุจ ูุญู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ูููู ูุงูุช ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงูุณูุทุงุชุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูู
ุชุชู
ูู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ู
ู ุชุญู
ู ุงููุงุณ ุงูุฐูู ุฎุฑุฌูุง ุฅูู ุงูุดูุงุฑุน ูุจุฏุฃูุง ุจุงูุชุธุงูุฑ ุฃุชุฐูุฑ ุฃูู ูู ุญูุงูู ุงูุนุงุดุฑ ู
ู ุฃุบุณุทุณุ ูุงู ููุงู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชุฌูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุจุฑูู
ุงูุ ูุทุงูุจูู ุงูุจุฑูู
ุงู: “ู
ู ูุถููู
ุ ู
ู ูุถููู
ุ ููู
ูุง ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุชุญูููุ ุงูุนููุง ุดูุฆุงู.” ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ุชูุฏุฆุฉ ู
ุฎุงูููู
ูุทู
ุฃูุชูู
ุ ุจุฏุฃูุง ูู ุฅุทูุงู ุฑุดุงุดุงุช ุงูู
ูุงู ุนูููู
ุ ุซู
ุงูุฑุตุงุต ุงูู
ุทุงุทู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุนุฒู ุฐูู ุฅูู ุงูุชูุฑูุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุณูุงุณุฉ ุงููุจูุงููุฉุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ุจุงูุถุจุท.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃู
ุฃูู ูุณุงุฏ ุฃูุซุฑ ุนู
ูู
ูุฉุ ุฅููุง ุงููุตุงุฆููุฉุ ุฃููุณ ูุฐููุ ุงุดุฑุญู ุฐูู ุฌูุฏุงู ููุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุง ูุนุฑููู ุงููุซูุฑ ุนู ุงูุณูุงุณุฉ ุงููุจูุงููุฉ.
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ูุทุงูู
ุง ูุงู ูุจูุงู ุงูุฌู
ูู ูุฏูู ููุทุฉ ููุฉ ูุถุนู ูู ูุฌูุฏ ุชููุน ุฏููู ูุนุฑูู ูุชููู ู
ู 18 ุชูุงุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูุฃูู. ูุฐุง ุ ููู ูุณููุณุงุก ุฌู
ููุฉ ูู ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุฃูุณุท ุ ุญูุซ ูุชูุงุฌุฏ ุงูุฃุบูุจูุฉ ุงูุนุธู
ู ู
ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ู
ู ุงูุณูุฉ ูุงูุดูุนุฉ. ูุฐููุ ูู ูุจูุงูุ ุจุนุฏ ุงุชูุงู ุงูุทุงุฆู โ ุงูุงุชูุงู ุงูุฐู ุชูุณุทุช ููู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ูุชุญููู ุงูุณูุงู
ุจุนุฏ ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฃูููุฉ โ ุชู
ุฅูุฑุงุฑ ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงู ุฃู ุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุฏููุฉ ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ู
ุงุฑููู ู
ุณูุญูุ ูุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุญููู
ุฉ ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ู
ุณูู
ุณูู. ููุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุจุฑูู
ุงู ู
ู ุงูุดูุนุฉ. ูุฐุงุ ูุชููู ุงููุธุงู
ูู ูุจูุงู ุจุฑู
ุชู ู
ู ูุคูุงุก ุงูุณูุงุณููู ุงูุฐูู ูู
ุซููู ุงููุตุงุฆู ุงูุฏูููุฉ ูุงูุฃุญุฒุงุจ ุงูุณูุงุณูุฉ ุงูุชู ุชู
ุฅูุดุงุคูุง ุนูู ุฃุณุงุณ ุงูุฃูุฏููููุฌูุง ุงูุฏูููุฉ.
ููุชูุฌุฉ ูุฐูู ุ ูุฅู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ูููู
ุจุงูุชุบุทูุฉ ุนูู ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ูุงูุชุนุงูู ู
ุน ุจุนุถูู
ุงูุจุนุถ ููุชู
ูููุง ู
ู ุงูุงุณุชู
ุฑุงุฑุ ูููู
ูู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ูุคูุงุก ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุจุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฌุฒุก ู
ู ุงููุนูุฉ ูุชูุงุณู
ูุง ู
ุน ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏุนู
ูููุ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุดูููู ุงูุนู
ูุฏ ุงูููุฑู ูุญุฒุจู ุงูุณูุงุณู ุฃู ููุงูู ุงูุณูุทุฉ. ููุฏ ุฃุตุงุจ ุฐูู ูุจูุงู ุจุงูุดูู ูุบุฐู ุงููุณุงุฏ . ุฅู ูุจูุงู ู
ู ุจูู ุฃูุซุฑ ุงูุฏูู ูุณุงุฏุงู ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุนุฑุจู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฑูุงุ ุดูุฑุงู ูู ุนูู ุฑุณู
ุชูู ุงูุตูุฑุฉ ูููุถุน ุฏุงุฎู ูุจูุงู ูุจุงูุทุจุน ุชูุงุนุณ ุงูุณูุทุงุช ูู ููู ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ูู ุฌุฒุก ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉ.
ุฃูุจุฑูุ ุจุงูุทุจุน ุ ุฃุนูุฏ ุงูู ูุตุฉ ููู ุฏุฎูุช ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู
ููุงุก ูููู ูุฌุฏุช ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ููุงูุ
ูุดู ุชุญูููู ุนู ูุฐู ุงูุดุจูุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูุนุงุฏูุฉ ูุงูู
ุจูู
ุฉ ู
ู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ูุงูุฃูุฑุงุฏ ูุงูุณูุทุงุช ุงูุฐูู ุณู
ุญูุง ุจุญุฏูุซ ุฐูู. ุฃุนุฑู ุฃู ูุฐุง ูุงู ุชุญูููุงู ุซุงููุง ูุดุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุนุงู
ุนูู ุงูุชุญููู ุงูุฐู ุชูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ุงูุชุญููู ูู ุนู
ู ุฑุงุฆุน ูู ููููุฉ ุชูุตูู ููู ุงุฌุชู
ุน ูู ุฐูู ู
ุนุงู ุ ูููู ุฅูุฌุงุฒ ู
ุฐูู ููุตุญุงูุฉ ูุงูุนู
ู ุงูู
ุถูู. ูู ู
ู
ูู ุฃู ุชุฏููู ุนูู ุชูุงุตูู ุงูุชูุธูู
ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุชุฌู
ูุนู ูู ุงูู
ูุงู
ุงูุฃูู. ู
ุงุฐุง ููุช ุชุนุฑู ุฃูู ุชุจุญุซ ุนูู ูููู ุจุฏุฃุช ูู ุงูุจุญุซ ุนููุ
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ูุงูุช ุชุญููููุง ุงูุฃูู ูุชุนูู ุญูุงู ุจู
ูููุฉ ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฑูุณูุณ. ุฎุฑุฌุช ุงูุชูุงุฑูุฑ ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูููุฑูุฉ ููุงูุช ุฅู ุงูู
ุงูู ูุงู ูุฐุง ุงูุฑุฌู ุงูู
ุณู
ู ุฅูุบูุฑ ุฌุฑูุชุดูุดููู. ููู ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ุ ุชู
ููุง ู
ู ุชุญุฏูุฏ ุฃูู ูู
ููู ุงูู
ุงูู ุ ูุฃูู ูุงู ูู ุงููุงูุน ูุณุชุฃุฌุฑ ุงูุณูููุฉ ู
ู ู
ุงูููุง ุงูุญูููู ููู ุฑุฌู ุฃุนู
ุงู ุดุญู ูู ูุจุฑุต ูุฏุนู ุดุงุฑุงูุงู
ุจูุณ ู
ุงูููู.
ูููู
ุง ูุธุฑูุง ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑุ ุงูุชุดููุง ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุฑุฌู ู
ุงูููู ูู
ููู ูู
ุชูู ููุท ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฑูุณูุณ – ูุฐู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุฐุงุช ุงูุฏููู ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ุณุฏุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุงูุชูู ุจูุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฅูู ุญุฌุฒูุง ูู ู
ููุงุก ุจูุฑูุช.
ููููู ูุงู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุฃูุถุงู ุนู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูุนูู
ุงูู
ููุฏููู ุงูุฐู ุฑูุนุชูุ ููุงู ุฃูุถุงู ู
ุงููุงู ููููุงูุฉ ูู ุฌูุฑุฌูุง ุงูุชู ุฃุนููุช ุฃู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุตุงูุญุฉ ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ. ูุฐูู ุ ููุฏ ุฃุนูู ุนู ุณูููุชู ุจุดูู ุณุฑู ูุฃุนูู ุนู ุตูุงุญูุชูุง ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ. ูุจุงูุชุงููุ ุงูุชูู ุจูุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฅูู ุงูุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูุดุจูุฉ ุงูู
ุนูุฏุฉ ุจุดูู ูุง ูุตุฏู ูุงูุชู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฑูุชูููุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ูู ุนุงูู
ูุง.
ููุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูุชู ุชุญุฏุซ ูู ู
ุฌุงู ุงูุดุญู ุงูุฏููู ูุงูุชู ุชููู ุบุฑูุจุฉ ูู
ููุฆุฉ ุจุงูุณุฑูุฉ.
ูู
ู ุงูุดุงุฆุน ุฌุฏุงู ุฃู ุชูุณุฌูู ุงูุณูู ูู ู
ุง ููุณู
ู ุจุงูู
ูุงุทู ุฐุงุช ุงูุนูู
ุงูุนุงุจุฑ ููููุงููู. ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ู
ููุฏููุง ุ ุงูุชู ุชู
ุฑูุน ุนูู
ูุง ุนูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุฑูุณูุณ ุ ููุณ ูุฏููุง ุฎุท ุณุงุญูู ุ ูููู ูุง ูุฒุงู ุจุฅู
ูุงูู ุชุณุฌูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ูู
ููุฏูููุฉ.
ูุงูุช ุงูุณูููุฉ ู
ู
ูููุฉ ูุดุฑูุฉ ู
ุฌูููุฉ ูู ุจูู
ุง ุนูู ู
ุง ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุซู
ุชู
ุชุฃุฌูุฑูุง ูุชุดุบูููุง ู
ู ูุจู ุดุฑูุฉ ู
ุณุฌูุฉ ูู ุฌุฒุฑ ู
ุงุฑุดุงู. ุนุงุฏุฉูุ ูุฐู ูู ุงูุฏูู ุญูุซ ูุง ุชุนุฑู ุจุดูู ุนุงู
ู
ู ูู
ุงูู
ุงูููู. ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชู
ููุง ู
ู ูุนููุง ูููุตูู ุฅูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูู
ูููุฉ ูุงูุช ูุฃููุง ุชู
ุฐูุฑูุง ูู ูุถูุฉ ูุถุงุฆูุฉุ ููุฐุง ู
ูุญูุง ุงููุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุญุต ู
ู ูุงู ูุฑุงุก ุฐูู ูุนูุงู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃูุช ุชุชุญุฏุซ ุนู ุนุฏุฏ ู
ู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงููุถุงุฆูุฉ ุญูุซ ุฑุจู
ุง ูุชููุน ุงููุงุณ ุญุฏูุซ ุฃุดูุงุก ู
ุดุจููุฉ ุ ูููู ููุงู ุดุฑูุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ู
ุชูุฑุทุฉ ุจุดูู ูุจูุฑ ูู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉุ ุฃููุณ ูุฐููุ
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ูุนู
.
ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ุงูุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ุงูู
ุชูุฑุทุฉ ูู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉ ูุงูุช ุญูุงู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฃูุจุฑ ุงูุฃูุบุงุฒ. ุชูู ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ูุงูุช ุชุณู
ู ุณุงูุงุฑู (Savaro)ุ ูุณุงูุงุฑู ูู ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ุชู
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุดุญูุฉ ู
ู ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุงูุช ุญูุงู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฃูุซุฑ ุงูุฃุทุฑุงู ู
ุณุคูููุฉ ุนู ู
ุญุงููุฉ ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ูุฐู ุงูุดุญูุฉ ุงูุฎุทูุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุงูุชูู ุจูุง ุงูู
ุทุงู ูู ู
ุฑูุฃ ุจูุฑูุช.
ูุฐูู ุ ุนูู ุงููุฑูุ ูุงูุช ูุฐู ุดุฑูุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ. ูููู ุฅุฐุง ุฐูุจุช ููู
ุช ุจูุญุต ุงูุณุฌูุงุช ุงูุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ุ ูุฅู ุงูู
ุณุงุฑ ูุคุฏู ููุท ุฅูู ุดุฑูุฉ ูู ูุจุฑุต ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุฃุณุงุณุงู ููุท ูุชุณุฌูู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ูุฅุฎูุงุก ุฃุตุญุงุจูุง ุงูุญูููููู ูุชูุจูุฉ ุงุญุชูุงุฌุงุช ุงูุฏูู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ ุงูุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงูุณููููุชู . ูุฐุง ูุงู ููุงู ูุบุฒ ุญูููู: ููุงู ุดุฑูุฉ ู
ูุชุฑุถุฉ ุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ูุงูุช ุชู
ุชูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุ ููู ูุง ุฃุญุฏ ูุนุฑู ูู ุงููุงูุน ู
ู ููู ูุฑุงุกูุง.
ูุฐูู ุ ุฃู
ุถููุง ุนุงู
ุงู ูู ุงูุนู
ู ุงูุฌุงุฏ ุญูุง ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ู
ู ูุงู ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุณุชุนูุฏูุง ุจุงููุนู. ููุงุฏุชูุง ุชุญูููุงุชูุง ุฅูู ุฃููุฑุงููุง ุ ุญูุซ ููุช ุฃุนูุด ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุชุ ูุฅูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ููุณุช ุจุนูุฏุฉ ุนู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฐู ููุช ุฃุนูุด ููู. ููู ู
ูุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฌูุฏ ุงูู
ุจุฐูู ูููุตูู ุฅูู ููุงู ูุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ุจุงููุนู. ุญุงูููุง ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุฌุฑูุชุดูุดููู ุ ุงูุฐู ูุงู ู
ุดุบู ุงูุณูููุฉ ุ ูููู ูู
ูุชุญุฏุซ ุฅูููุง. ูู
ูุฑุฏ ุนูู ุฃู ุฑุณุงุฆู.
ูุงู ู
ุงูููู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ุชุญุฏุซูุง ุฅูููู
. ูุฃููุฑ ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุฃูู ู
ุงูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ูุงุฏุนู ุฃูู ุจุงุน ุงูุณูููุฉ ูุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ. ุซู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุฌุฏูุง ุฃุฏูุฉ ุชุฏู ุนูู ุฃูู ู
ุงูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ูุฃูู ูุงู ูุคุฌุฑูุง ูู
ุดุบู ุขุฎุฑ ูุฃูู ูุงู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุนู ุฑูุน ุงูุนูู
ุนูููุง ูุงูุชุตุฏูู ุนูู ุฃููุง ุตุงูุญุฉ ููุฅุจุญุงุฑ.
ุซู
ูุงู: “ุฃููโฆ ูุนู
ุ ูุฐุง ุตุญูุญ ุ ููููู ุจุนุชูุง ุจุงููุนู ูุณุฃุธูุฑ ููู
ุงููุซุงุฆู.” ุซู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุญุงูููุง ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ู
ูุงูู
ุฉ ู
ุนู ููุธูุฑ ููุง ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุซุจุช ุฃูู ุฃุฌุฑู ูุฐู ุงูุตููุฉ ุ ูู
ูุธูุฑูุง ููุง. ูุงูุดูุก ุงูุฐู ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููุงุญูุธ ูู ุฃู ู
ุนุธู
ุงูููุช ุ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงูุตููุงุช ูู ุฃุดูุงุก ูุง ูู
ููู ุฑุคูุชูุง ูุฃู ูุฐู ูููุง ุดุฑูุงุช ู
ุฌูููุฉ. ููุง ู
ุญุธูุธูู ุฌุฏุง ูุงุฎุชุฑุงู ุงูุญุฌุงุจ ูุงูุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ุฃุณู
ุงุก ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุฑุงุก ุฐูู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุจุงููุธุฑ ุฅูู ู
ุณุชูู ุชุญูููู ูุงูุนู
ู ุงูุฐู ุชู
ููุช ู
ู ุงููุตูู ุฅููู ุ ูู ููุงุฌู ุฃู ุดุฎุต ู
ุชูุฑุท ุฃู ุฃู ู
ู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูู
ุชูุฑุทุฉ ุงูุขู ุฃู ุดูู ู
ู ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงููุงููููุฉ ูุชูุฌุฉ ููุงููุฌุงุฑุ
ุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏ: ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ุงูุจุฑูุทุงููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชู
ุชูู ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุ ููู ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ุดุฑูุฉ ู
ู
ูููุฉ ูุฃููุฑุงููููุ ุชูุงุฌู ุฏุนูู ูุถุงุฆูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ุถุญุงูุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ูุชุญุฌุฌ ุงูุถุญุงูุง ุจุฃู ูุฐู ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุณุคููุฉ ุจุตูุชูุง ู
ุงูู ุงูุดุญูุฉุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅููุง ุชุชุญู
ู ุงูู
ุณุคูููุฉ ุงูููุงุฆูุฉ ุนู ุงููุงุฑุซุฉ ููุฌุจ ุฃู ุชููู ูุฏููุง ู
ุณุคูููุฉ ู
ุฏููุฉ ุนู ุฐูู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ู
ุง ูู ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูู
ุจุงุดุฑ ุงูุฐู ุชุนุชูุฏูู ุฃู ุชูุงุฑูุฑูู
ุญููุชู ูุนููุงู ููู
ุง ูุชุนูู ุจุฅุญุฏุงุซ ูุฑูุ ุณูุงุก ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุถุญุงูุง ูุฃุณุฑูู
ุฃู ุงูุณูุงุณููู ุฃู ุงูู
ุญุงู
ูู ูู ู
ุญุงููุฉ ุชุญู
ูู ุดุฎุต ู
ุง ุงูู
ุณุคูููุฉ ุนู ูุฐู ุงููุงุฑุซุฉ ุจุฑู
ุชูุงุ
ุฑูุง ุงูุตุจุงุบ: ุฌุงุก ุงูุชุญููู ุงูุฃูู ูู ุงูููุช ุงูู
ูุงุณุจ ููุบุงูุฉ ูุฃูู ูุถุน ุจูุถูุญ ุนูู ุงูุทุงููุฉ ุงุณู
ู
ุดุบู ุงูุณูููุฉ ููุดู ุนู ุจุฃุณู
ุงุก ุฌุฏูุฏุฉุ ููุงู ูู ุดูุก ุฃูุซุฑ ูุถูุญุงู. ูู
ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู
ุชู ุจุนุถ ุนุงุฆูุงุช ุงูุถุญุงูุง ูุฅุธูุงุฑ ุงูุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ูุงูุชูุงุทุค ุจูู ุฌู
ูุน ูุฐู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุฉ ุงูุชู ุงูุชู ุชูุณุฑุช ุจูุงุณุทุชูุง ุฎุฏู
ุงุช ุงููุณุงุฏ ููุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุฏูููุฉ.
ูู
ุง ูุดู ุงูุชุญููู ุงููุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูู
ุญูู. ูุฐููุ ูุงู ุจุงูุชุฃููุฏ ููุทุฉ ุชุญูู ููุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ุงูู
ุญููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุฑุฑุช ุชุจูู ูุฐุง ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงูุนู
ู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุฃูุซุฑ ุนูู [ุงูุชุญูููุงุช] ุงูุชู ุชุชุฑูุฒ ุฃุณุงุณุงู ุนูู ุชุฌูุจ ุฌู
ูุน ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุชูู
ูุฑ ุงูุณูุงุณู ุงูุญุงุตูุ ูุฃูู ูู ูุจูุงูุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃู ูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ู
ุชููุนุฉ ููุบุงูุฉุ ูุฅู ูู ูุณููุฉ ุฅุนูุงู
ูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุซ ุจุงุณู
ุญุฒุจูุง ุงูุณูุงุณู. ูุฐูู ุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ููุช ู
ุคุณุณุฉ ู
ุซู OCCRP ู
ู ุงูุนู
ู ู
ุน ุดุฑูู ู
ุญูู ู
ุณุชูู ููุบุงูุฉ ุฃูุถุงู ุ ุชู
ููุง ู
ู ุชุณู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃุดูุงุก ุจุฃุณู
ุงุฆูุง ุงูุญููููุฉ. ูุงู ูุฐุง ุญูุง ุดูุฆุงู ูุฌุจ ุงูุชุทูุน ุฅููู ูู
ุญุงูุงุชู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุงูุช ูุฐู ูู ุฑูุง ุตุจุงุบุ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ุญุฑุฑู OCCRP ูู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุฃูุณุท ูุดู
ุงู ุฃูุฑูููุงุ ูุฃูุจุฑู ุจูููุฑุฏุ ู
ุญุฑุฑ OCCRP ูู ุงูู
ุญูุท ุงููุงุฏุฆ.
ุนุงุด ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ ูุดุฑููุชู ุชุฑูุณู ูุนู
ูุง ุนูู ุจุนุฏ ุฃูู ู
ู ููููู
ุชุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ู
ููุน ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ูู ู
ุฑูุฃ ุจูุฑูุช. ูุงูุช ุงุจูุชูู
ุง ุ ุฃููุณูุฏุฑุง ุ ู
ุนุฑููุฉ ููุนุงุฆูุฉ ุจุงุณู
ูููุณู. ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุณุคุงู ุจูู ุนู ุดูููุง.
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุฃููู ุ ุฅููุง ุฅูุณุงูุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุ ู
ููุฆุฉ ุจุงูุทุงูุฉ ุ ุทููุฉ ุณุนูุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู ุ ู
ููุฆุฉ ุจุงูุญูุงุฉ ุ ู
ุญุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุ ูุฑูุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ู
ูุง ูุนุงุฆูุฉ. ููููุง ูุงูุช ุชุชู
ุชุน ุจุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ููุชุญุฉ ูุฌุฐุงุจุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ. ุฎูุงู ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ ููููุฏุ ูุงูุช ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุงููุนู ูู ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ู
ูุงูู
ุงุช ู
ู ููุงุชููุง ุฅูู ุฃุตุฏูุงุฆูุง ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ููุถุงุก ุงูุฌู
ูุน ูุตู ุณุงุนุงุช ูุณุงุนุงุช ู
ุนูู
. ุฅููุง ุทููุฉ ู
ุฐููุฉุ ุทููุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูู
ุฏูุดุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃูุง ุขุณู ุญูุง ูุงุถุทุฑุงุฑู ุฅูู ุฅุนุงุฏุชู ุฅูู ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุฑุงุจุน ู
ู ุฃุบุณุทุณ ุนุงู
2020.
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ูุง ุชููู ุ ุงุณุฃู ูู ู
ุง ูู ู
ุทููุจ. ู
ุง ูููู
ุจู ูู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ูุถูุฉ ุงุจูุชูุง. ูููุณ ููุงู ุญุฏ ููู
ุฏู ุงูุฐู ุณูุฐูุจ ุฅููู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุนุฏุงูุชูุง. ููุฐุง ุฌุฒุก ู
ูู. ูุฐูู ุญูุงู ุ ูุง ุชููู ุจุดุฃู ุฐูู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุญุณูุงูโฆ ุญุณูุงู. ุฃูุง ุฃููู
ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ูุฃูุง ุฃูุถุง ุฃูุฏุฑ ุฐูู ุญูุงู. ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชุณุชุทูุน ุ ูู ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุฃุฎุฐูุง ููุท ุฅูู ุงูููู
ุงูุณุงุจู ููุงููุฌุงุฑ ุ ู ู
ุงุฐุง ููุชู
ุชูุนููู ุ ูู
ุง ูุงูุช ุชูุนูู ุชุฑูุณู ุ ูู
ุงุฐุง ูุงูุช ุชูุนู ุฃููุณูุฏุฑุง ุ ูููู ูุตูุชู
ุฅูู ููุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ูุนู
ุ ูู ุงูุฑุงุจุน ู
ู ุฃุบุณุทุณ. ูุงู ููู
ุงูุซูุงุซุงุก. ูุงู ููู
ุงู ุนู
ููุงู ุนุงุฏูุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุง. ุฃูุดุฃูุง ุฃูุง ูุชุฑูุณู ุดุฑูุชูุง ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ูุจู ุนุฏุฉ ุณููุงุช ูููุง ูุนู
ู ู
ุนุง ู
ู ุงูู
ูุฒู. ููุน ู
ูุฒููุง ูู ุงูุฌู
ูุฒุฉุ ุงูุชู ุชูุน ูู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูุญู
ุฑุงุก ุงููุฑูุจุฉ ู
ู ู
ุฑูุฒ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ุงูุฐู ููุน ูู ุงูู
ุฑูุฃ ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ูุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน ุฑูู
12 ุงูุฐู ุงููุฌุฑ ูุงู ุนูู ุจูุนุฏ 850 ู
ุชุฑูุง ุฅูู ููููู
ุชุฑ ู
ูุง. ุฃููู ูุฐุง ุงูุชูุตูู ูุชุชู
ูู ุฃูุช ูุงูุขุฎุฑูู ู
ู ุชุญุฏูุฏ ุงูู
ููุน.
ูุจู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุงุชุ ููุช ุฃุชููู ู
ูุงูู
ุฉ ูุฃูุง ุฃุชุฌูู ูู ุงูู
ูุฒูุ ูุฑุฃูุช ุงูุฏุฎุงู ูุชุตุงุนุฏ ู
ู ุงูุนูุจุฑ. ุทูุจุช ู
ู ุชุฑูุณู ุฃู ุชุฃุชู ูุชุชุญูู ู
ู ุฐูู. ูุนูุช ุฐูู. ุซู
ุณู
ุนูุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฃูู. ููููุง ูุจูุงููููุ ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููุง ู
ุนุชุงุฏูู ุนูู ุฐูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุดูุกุ ูุฐูู ูู
ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงูุฐุนุฑ. ูููู ุจุนุฏ ุฐููุ ุจุฏุฃุช ุตูุช ุซุงูู ูุงุฆู ูุชุฒุงูุฏ. ูุดุนุฑุช ุชุฑูุณู ุนูู ุงูููุฑ ุฃููุง ูุชุนุฑุถ ูููุฌูู
ู
ู ุงูุฌู. ูููุฐุง ูุฑุนุช ุจูุง ููู
ุบุงุฏุฑุฉ ู
ู ุญูุซ ููุง ุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุดุฑูุฉ ููุธุฑ ุฅูู ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูู
ููุงุก ูุงูู
ุณุชูุฏุน. ุตุฑุฎุช ุชุฑูุณู ุจุฃู ุนูููุง ุฃู ูุฑูุถ. ูุงูุช ูููุณู ุชุฑูุถ ุฃู
ุงู
ูุง ุซู
ุฃู
ุณูุช ุจูุง ููู ุงููุญุธุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃู
ุณูุช ุจูุง ุ ุญุฏุซ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุซุงูู ูุงููุจูุฑ. ุชู
ููุช ุชุฑูุณู ู
ู ุงูุฅู
ุณุงู ุจุงููุณูุฏุฑุง.
ุชู
ุฏูุนูู
ุง ุจูุนู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃู
ุชุงุฑ ููุฌุฏุง ููุณููู
ุง ุชุญุช ุฃููุงุถ ู
ูุฒููุง. ุชู
ุฏูุนู ุฃูุถุงู ููุง ุฃุนุฑู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ููุช ูุฏ ุฃุตุจุช ุจุดูุก ู
ุงุ ูููู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุงุณุชููุธุช ูุงู ู
ูุฒููุง ู
ุฏู
ุฑุงู ุจุงููุงู
ู. ูู
ูุชุจู ุดูุก.
ูุงู ูุฏู ูุฒูู ูู ูุฌูู ูุฃูู ุดูุก ูุนูุชู ูู ุงูุฅุณุฑุงุน ููุจุญุซ ุนู ุชุฑูุณู ููููุณู. ูุฌุฏุชูู
ู
ุณุชูููุชู ุชุญุช ุงุซููู ุฃู ุซูุงุซุฉ ู
ู ุฃุจูุงุจูุง ููุฐูู ุงูุณูู ุงููุงู
ู ุงูุฐู ุณูุท ุนูู ุชุฑูุณู. ููู ู
ุง ุญุงููุช ุชุฑูุณู ูุนูู ูู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฃู
ุณูุช ุจุฃููุณูุฏุฑุง ูุชู
ุฏูุนูู
ููุตุทุฏู
ูุง ุจุงูุฃุฑุถโฆ ุญุงููุช ุงูุฅู
ุณุงู ุจูููุณู ูุณุญุจูุง ุชุญุช ุฌุณุฏูุง. ูุฐูู ุ ูุงูุช ุชุญู
ู ูููุณู ุจุฌุณุฏูุง. ุชู
ุญู
ุงูุฉ ูููุณู ูุฃู ูู ุดูุก ููุน ุนูู ุชุฑูุณู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูู ูุงูุช ูููุณู ูุงุนูุฉุ ูู ูุงูุช ุงููุณูุฏุฑุง ูุงุนูุฉุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ููุงูู
ุง ูุงููุง ูุงุนููู ุฌู
ูุนุงู. ูุงูุช ูููุณู ุจุฎูุฑโฆ ูุงูุช ูุง ุชุฒุงู ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุชุญุฏุซ. ูุงูุช ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ููู “ู
ุงู
ุงู” ููู ุฃู
ู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฅุฐู ู
ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ูู ุงูุณุงุนุงุช ุงูููููุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุฃูู ู
ุง ูุนููุงูุ ูุฑุฏ ูุนู ูุจูุนู ุงูุฃุฏุฑููุงููู ุ ูู
ููู ููุงู ุฎูู ุ ููุช ููุท ุฃุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ููู ูููุณู ูุชุฑูุณู ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชุดูู. ูุงูุช ุญุงูุฉ ุชุฑูุณู ูู ุงููุงูุน ุฃุณูุฃ ุจูุซูุฑ ูุฃู ุงูุถุฑุฑ ุงูุฐู ุญุฏุซ ููุง ูุงู ุฎุงุฑุฌูุงู ุฃูุซุฑ. ุงูุชูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุจุชุฑูุณู ุจุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุถูุงุน ู
ูุณูุฑุฉ ุ ูุซูุงุซ ููุฑุงุช ู
ูุณูุฑุฉ ุ ูุฅุตุจุน ู
ูุณูุฑ ุ ูุงููุตุงู ูู ุงูุฑุฆุชูู ูุฌุฑูุญ ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ.
ูุง ุฃุนุฑู ููู ุชู
ููุช ู
ู ุงููุฒูู ุณุจุน ุทูุงุจู ู
ู ุงูุณูุงูู
. ูู
ููู ุงูู
ุตุนุฏ ูุนู
ู ุขูุฐุงู ูุฐูู ูุงู ุนูููุง ุฃู ูุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุฏุฑุฌ ูููุฒูู. ุฐูุจูุง ุฅูู ุงูุดูุงุฑุน ุ ูููุงู ูุงูุช ุงูููุถู ุงูุชุงู
ุฉ. ุชุฎูู ุฃูู ูู ุงูุดุงุฑุน ููู ุดูุก ู
ุฏู
ุฑ ู
ู ุญููู โฆ ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช ูุงูู
ุญูุงุช ุงูุชุฌุงุฑูุฉ. ูุงู ููุงู ู
ุฑูุฒ ููุตููุจ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ุนูู ุจูุนุฏ 50 ู
ุชุฑูุง ู
ู ู
ูุฒููุง ููุงู ู
ุนุทูุงู ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ูุฃู ุณูุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฅุณุนุงู ุงููุฌุฑุช ููู
ููู ููุงู ุณุจูู ูู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช.
ูุฐุง ุ ูุฅู ุฃูู ุดูุก ูุนููุงู ูู ุงููุฒูู ุ ููุช ุฃุญู
ู ูููุณู ูุฃุญุงูู ุงุจูุงุฆูุง ู
ุณุชูุฑุฉ ูุฏุฑ ุงูุฅู
ูุงูุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃููุง ูู
ููู ูุฏููุง ุฃู ุฅุตุงุจุงุช ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ูุฃููุง ูุงูุช ู
ุญู
ูุฉ ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ู
ู ูุจู ุชุฑูุณู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ู
ุชู ุฃุตุจุญ ู
ู ุงููุงุถุญ ุฃููุง ุญุงูุชูุง ุชุชุฏููุฑุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุตููุง ุฅูู ุฃุณูู ุงูู
ุจูู ุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ููุง ู
ู ุงูุงูุชูุงุก ู
ู ุงูุฏุฑุฌ ููุตููุง ุฅูู ุฃุณูู ุงูู
ุจูู ุ ุจุฏุฃุช ุชููุฏ ุงููููู ู
ู ุงููุนู. ูููุง ุจุฏุฃูุง ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงูููู. ูู
ููู ููุงู ู
ู ูุณุงุนุฏูุง ูู ุงูุดูุงุฑุน. ู
ู ุงูู
ูู
ุฌุฏุงู ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุฐูู.
ุงูุขูุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุนุฑููุง ูู ููุช ูุงุญู ุฃู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ูู ุงูุญููู
ุฉ ุ ูู ุงูุจุฑูู
ุงู ุ ูู
ุง ุฅูู ุฐูู ูุงููุง ูุนุฑููู ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ุง ุนู ูุฌูุฏ ูุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ุ ูุงู ููุชุฑุถ ุฃู ูุฏููู
40 ุฏูููุฉ ุฃู ุดูุก ููุฐุง ููุชุนุงู
ู ู
ุน ุงูู
ูุถูุน.
ุญุชู ูู ูู
ุชุฌุฏ ุทุฑููุฉ ูู
ุทุงูุจุฉ ู
ุฏูููู ูุนููุงู ุจุงูุฅุฎูุงุก ุฃู ุงูุงุฎุชุจุงุก ุฃู ุงูุจุญุซ ุนู ู
ุฃูู – ูุฃู ุฃูุงู ู
ู ูุฐุง ูู
ููู ููุญุฏุซ ููุง ูู ูุงููุง ููุง “ุทูุงุฑุฆ” ูููุฐูุจ ุงูุฌู
ูุน ุฅูู ู
ูุงูู ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช ุฃู ุงูุจูุงุก ูู ุญู
ุงู
ุงุชูู
.
ูุง ุฃุนุฑู. ูููู ุญุชู ูู ูู
ูุชู
ูููุง ู
ู ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู ุ ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ููุง ุชุชููุน ุงูุญุฏ ุงูุฃุฏูู ู
ู ุงูุฏุนู
ู
ู ุงูุฌูุดุ ู
ู ููุงุช ุงูุฃู
ู ุ ู
ู ุฅุฏุงุฑุงุช ุฑุฌุงู ุงูุฅุทูุงุกโฆ ุณู
ูุง ู
ุง ุดุฆุช. ููู ูู
ููู ููุงู ุดูุก.
ุฃุฎุจุฑุชูู ุชุฑูุณู: ุงุชุฑููู ุ ุงุฐูุจ ุ ุงุฑูุถ. ุงูุนู ูู ู
ุง ุนููู ูุชุฃุฎุฐ ูููุณู ุ ููู ูุง ุชุจุฏู ุนูู ู
ุง ูุฑุงู
“. ุงุถุทุฑุฑูุง ุฅูู ุงูุชููู ุ ูู ูุฃูุง ุ ุนูู ุฏุฑุงุฌุฉ ูุงุฑูุฉ. ุฏุฑุงุฌุฉ ูุงุฑูุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูู ู
ู ูููุชูุง ุฅูู ุฃูุฑุจ ู
ุณุชุดูู ุ ูุงูุฐู ุฏู
ุฑ ุจุงููุงู
ู ุฃูุถุงู. ููู ูุงู ุนูู ุฃู ุฃุญู
ู ุงุจูุชู ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุณูุฆุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ุนูู ุฏุฑุงุฌุฉ ูุงุฑูุฉ ูุฃูู ูู
ููู ููุงู ุฃุญุฏ ุขุฎุฑ ูุง ููู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูุตูุช ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชุดูู ุ ู
ุง ู
ุฏู ุณูููุฉ ูุญุตูุง ูุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุนูุงุฌ ููุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุณุฑูุน ูุณุจูุงู ูุฃููู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฑุฃูุง ุฃููุง ุทููุฉ ูุง ุชุจุฏู ุนูู ู
ุง ูุฑุงู
ุ ุฃุนุทููุง ุงูุฃููููุฉ.
ูุฐูู ุ ุชู
ูููุง ู
ู ุชุดุฎูุตูุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉุ ูุฃุฎุจุฑููู ุฃู ูุถุนูุง ูู
ููู ุฌูุฏุงู ุนูู ุงูุฅุทูุงู ูุฃููุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุชููุฏ ูุนููุง ููู
ุชูู ู
ุชุฌุงูุจุฉ ููุงูุช ุฃูุถุงู ูู ู
ุณุชูู ุนุงู ุฌุฏุง ู
ู ุงูุชูุชุฑ. ููู ูุงุฏููุ ููู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุทุจุงุก ููุงูุ ุชู
ููุช ู
ู ุงูุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ุณูุงุฑุฉ ุฅุณุนุงู ูุชุญุฏูุฏ ุฃููููุงุชูุง ูู ุฑููุจ ุณูุงุฑุฉ ุงูุฅุณุนุงู ูุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุงููุฌูุฉ ุงูููุงุฆูุฉ: ู
ุณุชุดูู ุฃูุชูู ุฏูู ุนูู ุจุนุฏ ุจุถุน ุฏูุงุฆู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ู
ุชู ุฃุฎุจุฑููู
ุจุฃูู ู
ู ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ุฑุฌุญ ุฃู ุชุชู
ูู ูููุณู ู
ู ุงูุจูุงุก ุนูู ููุฏ ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ูู ููุณ ุงููููุฉ โฆ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุฃุฌุฑูุง ุนู
ููุงุช ู
ุณุญ ูุงูุชุดููุง ุฃูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุนุฏู
ูุฌูุฏ ุฃู ุดูุก ูุงุถุญ ุ ุจุฅุณุชุซูุงุก ุฃู ุฌู
ุฌู
ุชูุง ู
ูุณูุฑุฉ ุจุงููุงู
ู. ุฃุตูุจุช ุจูุณูุฑ ู
ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ูู ู
ูุงุทู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูู ุฌู
ุฌู
ุชูุงุ ููุฑู
ุฏู
ูู ูุจูุฑ ุฌุฏุงู ูู ุฏู
ุงุบูุง – ุงูุฐู ูุงู ุงูุณุจุจ ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ููู
ุดููุฉ ูููุงุชูุง.
ุฑุจู
ุง ูุงู ูู ููุณ ุงููููุฉ ุชูุฑูุจุงู ุ ูููุฉ 6 ุฅูู 7 ุ ุฃุฎุจุฑูู ุฌุฑุงุญ ุฃุนุตุงุจ ู
ุชุฎุตุต ุฃูุถุง ูู ุทุจ ุงูุฃุทูุงู ุฃูู ููุณ ูุฏููุง ุฎูุงุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ุณูู ุงูููุงู
ุจุชุฏุฎู ู
ูุชูุญ ูู ุงูุฌู
ุฌู
ุฉ ุ ููู ูุชุฑููู ู
ุณุงุญุฉ ููุฏู
ุงุบ ููุชูุณุน ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุฑู
ุงูุฏู
ููโฆ ูุฃู ูุฑุตูุง ูู
ุชูู ุฌูุฏุฉ. ููู ุงูููู
ุงูุชุงูู ุจุฏุฃูุง ูุดุนุฑูู ุจุงูููู ุฃูุซุฑ ูุฃูุซุฑ ู ุฃุฎุจุฑููุง ุฃููุง ูู
ุชูู ุชุชุฌุงูุจ ู
ุน ุงููุญุต ุงูุณุฑูุฑู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูู ุณูุญุช ูู ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูุชูุฏูุนูุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุญุณูุง ุ ููุณ ุจุดูู ูุงุนู โฆ ูุฃู ุฃูู ุดูุก ูุนููู ุจุณุจุจ ุญุงูุชูุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุตููุง ุฅูู ุงูู
ุณุชุดูู ุงูููุงุฆู ูู ุฃููู
ูุถุนููุง ูู ุบูุจูุจุฉ ู
ุณุชุญุซุฉ ุญุชู ูุชู
ูููุง ู
ู ุนูุงุฌูุง.
ูุฐุง. ุงูุฌูุงุจ ูุง . ูู
ููู ุจุดูู ูุงุนู. ูุฐุง ุฃู
ุฑ ูุงุชู ูุง ุฑุฌู…. ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุนูุงุทู ู
ู
ุง ุนุดุชู. ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุดูุก ุฃุตุนุจ ู
ู ุฐูู ุจุฃู ุญุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุญูุงูุ ูุฃูู ุชุญุจ ุงูุดุฎุต ูุซูุฑูุง. ุงูุดุนูุฑ ุจุงูููุฏุงู ูุจูุฑ. ุชุฑู ุดุฑููู ูุนุงูู ู
ู ุฐูู. ูุงู ุจูู ูููุณู ูุชุฑูุณู ุนูุงูุฉ ูุฑูุฏุฉ ูู ุนูููู ูุงูุชุง ูุฑูุจุชูู ุญูุงู. ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุฑู ุดุฑููู ูุชุฃูู
ุฃูุถุงู ููุฐุง ุชุฐููุฑ ุฏุงุฆู
ุจุงูุฃูู
โฆ ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงูุฐูุจ.. ูุฃููู ูู
ุฃุชู
ูู ู
ู ุญู
ุงูุชูู
. ุฃูุง ุฃููู ูู ูุฃุจ. ุงูุบุถุจ ูุจูุฑ ุญูุงู ุฃูุถุงู. ูุณุท ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุดุงุนุฑ ูุฎุจุฑู ุจุนุถ ุงููุงุณ ุฃู ุงูููุช ูุดูู. ูุฐุง ููุณ ุตุญูุญุงู ุ ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ููุณ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุงุ ูุฑุจู
ุง ูุฃููุง ูุนุชุจุฑูุง ุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ูุชู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุง. ููุฏ ูุงูุช ุตุฏู
ุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุฌุงุกุช ุบูุฑ ู
ุชููุนุฉ ุญูุงู. ููุณ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูู
ุง ูู ูุงูุช ูููุณู ู
ุฑูุถุฉ ุฃู ููุง ูุชููุน ุฐูู. ูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃูุงู
ุ ุงูููุจุช ุญูุงุชูุง ุฑุฃุณุงู ุนูู ุนูุจ. ูุง ุฃุนุฑู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู
ูุช ุฃุณูู ุ ูููู ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงูุฃูู
ูุงูุบุถุจ ูุงูููุฏุงูุ ููู ุฃุดูุงุก ูุง ุชุฒูู ุฃุจุฏุงู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุจููู
ุง ูุงู ูุฑูู ุตุญููู OCCRP ูุจุญุซ ูู ู
ุตุงูุญ ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุชู ุฌูุจุช ุงูุดุญูุฉ ุงููุงุชูุฉ ุฅูู ู
ุฑูุฃ ุจูุฑูุช ูุงูุฅุฎูุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ููุณูุทุงุช ุงููุจูุงููุฉ ุ ูุงู ุจูู ูุชุฑูุณู ูุฌุงุฑ ููุงุตูุงู ุญู
ูุชูู
ุง ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ูู ุฐูุฑู ุงุจูุชูู
ุง ูููุณู. ุชููุน ุจูู ุฌูุฏุงู ุทูููุงู ุ ุฃุฎุจุฑูู ุฃูู ูุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุถุญุงูุง ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ูุชุทูุนูู ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ.
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ููุง ู
ูุชูุนูู ุฌุฏุง ู
ูุฐ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุจุฃููุง ูู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ู
ุญููุงูุ ูููู ูู
ูููุง ุฃู ููุงุถู ุฏูููุงู ุ ูุงู ููุงู ู
ุฌุงูุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุง. ุงูุฃูู ูุงู ู
ุญุงููุฉ ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุจุนุซุฉ ู
ุณุชููุฉ ูุชูุตู ุงูุญูุงุฆู ู
ู ู
ุฌูุณ ุญููู ุงูุฅูุณุงู ุงูุชุงุจุน ููุฃู
ู
ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ. ูุฌุงุก ูุฐุง ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุชูููุฑ ูุงูุนุตู ุงูุฐููู ู
ุน ู
ุคุณุณุชูู โฆ ุงูุนู
ู ุงููุงูููู ุงูุนุงูู
ู Legal Action Worldwide ููููู
ู ุฑุงูุชุณ ููุชุด Human Rights Watch. ููุฏ ุงุฎุชุตุฑูุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฅูู ุฃู ูุฐู ูู ุฃูุถู ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูุฌูุฉ ูู
ูู ุงุชุจุงุนูุง ุ ููุญู ูุถุบุท ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุฐูู ู
ูุฐ ุฐูู ุงูุญูู ุ ูุฅูุฌุงุฒ ู
ูู
ุฉ ุชูุตู ุงูุญูุงุฆู ูุฐู ุ ููุง ูุฒุงู ูุฐุง ู
ูุถูุนุงู ู
ุณุชู
ุฑุงู ูู
ูุชู
ุงุนุชู
ุงุฏู ููุฑุงุฑ. ููุฃุณู ุ ูุฃุณุจุงุจ ูู
ูููุง ู
ูุงูุดุชูุง ููููุงู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃุฎุจุฑูู ุงูุขูุ ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ูุฃููู ุฃููู
ุฃู ุจุนุถ ุนูุงุตุฑ ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ุชุฌุงูุฏ ูุณุจุจ ู
ุง ูุนู
ู ุจุนุซุฉ ูุชูุตู ุงูุญูุงุฆู. ู
ู ููู
ุงุฐุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุฅููุง ูู ุงููุงูุน ูุฑูุณุง. ูุฃู ุณุจุจ ู
ู ุงูุฃุณุจุงุจุ ูุฅู ุงูุญููู
ุฉ ุงููุฑูุณูุฉ ุงูุญุงููุฉ ูู ุงูุชู ูู
ุชุณูู ุงูุชุฑุงุญ ูุฐุง ุงููุฑุงุฑ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูู
ุงุฐุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชูุชุฑุถ ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุตูุญุฉ ุฌููุณูุงุณูุฉ ุชุฃุชู ูู ุงูู
ูุฏู
ุฉ ููุฏ ุชููู ุฃูู
ุ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุณุคูููู ุงูุญููู
ูููุ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑูุงุญ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ ูุงูุณุนู ูุชุญููู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ. ูุง ุฃุนุฑู ู
ุง ูู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุญุจุทุง ููุบุงูุฉ ูุฃููุ ูู
ุง ุชููู ุ ู
ูุชูุน ุชูุฑูุจุงู ุฃูู ูู ุชุญุฑุฒ ุชูุฏู
ุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูู
ุญูู ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุณุงุฏ ูุงูุชุฎุจุท ุงูุฐู ุชุนุงูู ู
ูู ุงูุณูุทุงุช. ูููู ุชุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ูุฑุบุจ ูู ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ุญูููุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูุถุญุงูุง.
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุญุงูู ุ ุงูุดูุก ุงููุญูุฏ ุงูุฐู ูุฑุงู ูู ุฃู ูุฐู ุฎุฑุงูุฉ ูุงู
ูุฉ. ุฏุนู
ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏูููุ ุฏุนู
ุงูุฃู
ู
ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ – ุฅูู ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ุฎุฑุงูุฉุ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุง โฆ ูุง ููู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุฃูุง ุฃููู
ูู
ุงุฐุง ุชุดุนุฑ ุจูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ. ููุฏ ู
ุฑ ุนุงู
ุงู ุนูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ. ูู ูุฏูู ุฃู ุชูุงุคู ุจุฃูู ุณูููู ููุงู ุชุบููุฑุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ: ุนูุฏู
ุง ุจุฏุฃูุง ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูู
ุฉ ูุชุญููู ุงูุนุฏุงูุฉ ูู ูููุณูุ ููุง โฆ ุชุฑูุณู ูุฃูุง ู
ุชูุงุฆูููโฆ ูุฃู ู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ููุฑุง ูุฎูุงู ุงูุฃุณุงุจูุน ุงูุชู ุชูุช ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุชุฌูู ูู ุญุฑูุฉ ุฅูุณุงููุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ. ููู ุบูุงุจ ุชุงู
ููุญููู
ุฉุ ุชู
ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทููู ุงููุจูุงูููู ู
ู ุงูุชุฌู
ุน ู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุงูุจูุงุฏ ูุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจูุงุก ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูู
ุชุถุฑุฑุฉุ ูุชูุธูููุงุ ูุชูููุฑ ุงูู
ุฃูู ูุงูุทุนุงู
ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุณุชุทูุนูู.
ููุฏ ุฑุฃููุง ูุฐู ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุธูู
ุฉ ููุชุถุงู
ูโฆ ูุงูุชู ุฌุนูุชูุง ูุนุชูุฏุ ุชุฑูุณู ูุฃูุง – ุฃูู ุจุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃู ููุงู ูุธุงู
ุงู ุณูุงุณูุง ูุธูุนุง ูุงุฆู
ุงู ููู ูุฏููุง ุฃุดุฎุงุตุงู ุฑุงุฆุนูู.
ูุณูุก ุงูุญุธุ 80ูช ู
ู ุงูููุงุจ ุงูุฐูู ุชู
ุงูุชุฎุงุจูู
ูุง ูุฒุงููู ู
ูุงููู ูููุธุงู
. ููู ุนูุงู
ุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุง ุฃู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ูุตู ุงููุงุณ ุถุฏูุง ูุฃู ูุคูุงุก ุงููุงุณ – ูุคูุงุก ุงูุณูุงุณููู – ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูุชูููุง ู ุฃูุตูููุง ุฅูู ู
ุง ูุญู ุนููู.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ููุฏ ุฐูุฑุช ุฃูู ุชูููุช ู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ู
ู ู
ุฎุชูู ุงูู
ูุธู
ุงุช ุบูุฑ ุงูุญููู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุธู
ุงุช ุญููู ุงูุฅูุณุงูุ ูุจุงูุทุจุนุ ุงุณุชู
ุฏุช ุงูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ูู ุจูุฑูุช ุงูุฐู ููุฏ ุฃุญุจุงุกู. ูู ููุตุญุงูุฉ ุฏูุฑ ุชูุนุจู ูู ูุฐุงุ
ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ ูุนู
ุจุงูุชุฃููุฏ. ูู ุบูุงุจ ูุถุงุก ู
ุณุชูู ููููุ ุนูู ู
ู ูู
ููู ุงูุงุนุชู
ุงุฏ ุฅุฐุง ูู
ููู ุนูู ุงูุตุญุงูุฉุ ูููุง ุงูุตุญุงูุฉ ุ ูู
ุง ูุงู ูุฏููุง ุฃู ููุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูุญูููุฉ. ููู ูุณูุก ุงูุญุธ ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููู
ูู
ูุชูุฌูุง ุจุงููุฌุงุญ ุจุดูู ูุงู
ู ูุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ููุงู ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุนู
ู ุงูุฐู ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุชู
ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุตุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุณุชูุตุงุฆูุฉ. ููุฏ ููุฏูุง ุงูุซูุฉ ูู ูุฏุฑุฉ ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุงุนุฏุฉ. ุงูู
ุดููุฉุ ูููุ ูู ุฃู ููุงู ุงููุตุงู
ุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ุจูู ู
ุง ุฑุฃููุงู ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ูุจูู ุงูุณูุงุณููู ุฃู ุงูุญููู
ุงุช. ุฃุฑุบุจ ูู ุฃู ุฃููู ูุงุฏุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูุงุนุชูุงุฏ ุจุฃููุง ูุนูุด ูู ุนุงูู
ูุถุน ููู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ุญูุงุฉ ุงุจูุชู ูุจู ุงูู
ุตุงูุญ ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏูุฉ ูุงูุณูุงุณูุฉ ูุงูุฌุบุฑุงููุฉ.
ููู ูุงููุณ: ุจูู ูุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฐู ููุฏ ุงุจูุชู ูููุณู ูู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชู
ุงูุงุชุตุงู ุจู ูููุฏู
ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑูุ ุฑูุถ ุฅูุบูุฑ ุฌุฑูุชุดูุดููู ุงูุชุนููู.
ูุฑุฏ ู
ุงูููู ุจุงูููู ุฅูู ููุงุถู OCCRP ูู
ุฌูุฉ ุฏูุฑ ุดุจูุฌู Der Spiegel ูู ูุจุฑุต ูุฃูู ุทูุจ ู
ูู ุนุฏู
ุงูุชุญุฏุซ ุนู ุงููุถูุฉ. ููููู ุฅูู ูู
ููู ู
ุงูู ุงูุณูููุฉ ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุช. ููุฏุนู ุฃู ุงูุงุชูุงู
ุงุช ุงูู
ูุฌูุฉ ุฅููู ุจุงุทูุฉ.
ูููุช ุณุงูุงุฑู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฒุงุนู
ูุงุฏุนุช ุฃู ููุชุฑุงุช ุงูุฃู
ููููู
ูุงูุช ุชุญุช ุณูุทุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุทุงุช ุงููุจูุงููุฉ.
ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชุฑุบุจ ูู ูุฑุงุกุฉ ุชุญููู OCCRP ุญูู ุงููุฌุงุฑ ุจูุฑูุชุ ูู
ููู ุงูุจุญุซ ุนู “OCCRP Beirut”.
ุนููุงู ุงูุชุญููู ุงูุงูู: “ุฑุฌู ุฃุนู
ุงู ู
ุฎููุ ู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ุฃูุฑูููุฉุ ููุฑุถ ู
ู ุจูู ุณูุฆ ุงูุณู
ุนุฉ: ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุงุช ู
ุดููู ูููุง ุชุญูุท ุจุณูููุฉ ุงููุฌุงุฑ ุจูุฑูุช.”
ุชู
ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ Dirty Deeds: Tales of Global Crime & Corruption ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ูููุฏุณู ุฑุงูููุ ู
ุน ุจุญุซ ู
ู ููุจ ุฃุฏูุฑ-ุฑูุงู ูุฑูุงู
ู
ูุณู ูู Rethink Audio.
ูุฐู ุงูุณูุณูุฉ ูู ุฅูุชุงุฌ ู
ู ุดุฑูุฉ Little Gem ููุตุงูุญ OCCRP.
ููุฑุฌู ุงูุฅุนุฌุงุจ ูุงูู
ุชุงุจุนุฉ ูุงูุงุดุชุฑุงู ููุชุฃูุฏ ู
ู ุนุฏู
ุชูููุช ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูููุตูู ุงูู ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงููุตุต ูุฑุงุก ูุตุต ุงูุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ูุงููุณุงุฏ ุงูุนุงูู
ู ุงูุฐู ูุชู
ุงูุชุญููู ููู ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ู
ุดุฑูุน OCCRP.
ู ูู ุฃูุง ููู ูุงููุณโฆุฃุฑุงูู ูู ุงูู ุฑุฉ ุงููุงุฏู ุฉ.